Where are the glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules found?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The glomeruli and Bowman's capsules are found in the renal cortex. The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney where the initial stages of urine formation occur. Glomeruli are clusters of capillaries responsible for filtering blood, while Bowman's capsules surround the glomeruli and collect the filtrate. The renal pelvis (A) is the innermost part of the kidney where urine collects before entering the ureter (B). Renal columns (D) are extensions of the renal cortex that project into the renal medulla. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it accurately locates the structures involved in urine filtration.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: I'm sorry, but it seems there might be a mistake in the question as there is no option E provided. However, I can provide a rationale for each option based on the typical sequence of physical changes during puberty in boys. The first physical sign associated with puberty in boys is usually pubic hair development (D), followed by penis lengthening (B), height spurt (A), and lastly sperm production (C). Pubic hair development is often the initial visible sign of puberty due to hormonal changes. Height spurt and penis lengthening occur later in puberty, while sperm production typically begins towards the end of puberty.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Fluconazole is preferred due to its efficacy, safety, and tolerability in Cryptococcal meningitis. 2. It has better CNS penetration compared to other azoles. 3. It is less toxic than Amphotericin B and Flucytosine. 4. Ketoconazole is less effective and not recommended for this indication. Summary: - A: Amphotericin B is reserved for severe cases due to its toxicity. - B: Flucytosine is used in combination therapy but not as the primary drug of choice. - D: Ketoconazole is less effective and not preferred for Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vancomycin. Red man syndrome is a type of hypersensitivity reaction associated with rapid intravenous infusion of vancomycin. This is due to the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. Vancomycin is known to cause this syndrome, while the other antibiotics listed do not have a similar association. Clindamycin is more commonly associated with pseudomembranous colitis, Cefoperazone with liver toxicity, and Piperacillin with hypersensitivity reactions like rash or anaphylaxis. Therefore, based on the mechanism of action and clinical evidence, vancomycin is the correct choice for causing red man syndrome.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dapsone. Dapsone is known to cause hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency due to oxidative stress. G6PD deficiency leads to reduced ability to protect red blood cells from oxidative damage, which can be exacerbated by drugs like dapsone. Rifampicin and clofazimine are not associated with hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients. Option D is incorrect as dapsone is known to cause hemolysis in this population.