When working with older patients who identify with a specific ethnic group, the nurse recognizes that health care problems may occur in these patients because they

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and caring for older patients from specific ethnic groups, it is crucial for nurses to understand the social determinants of health that can impact these individuals. Option D, "Have less income to spend for medications and health care services," is the correct answer. Older patients from certain ethnic groups may face financial challenges due to lower income levels, which can directly affect their ability to access and afford necessary medications and healthcare services. Option A, "Live with extended families who isolate the patient," is incorrect because while social isolation can be a concern in older populations, it is not specific to ethnic groups and may not necessarily lead to health care problems. Option B, "Live in rural areas where services are not readily available," is incorrect as lack of access to services is not solely related to ethnicity and may affect individuals regardless of their ethnic background. Option C, "Eat ethnic foods that do not provide all essential nutrients," is also incorrect as it does not directly address the financial barriers that older patients from specific ethnic groups may face in accessing healthcare. Educationally, this question underscores the importance of cultural competence and understanding the social, economic, and environmental factors that can impact the health outcomes of older patients from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Nurses must be equipped to provide holistic care that considers these factors to ensure optimal health outcomes for all patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The focus of the integrative model of health care, as indicated by option C, is on mind-body-spirit connections. This approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of health. Integrative medicine combines conventional medical treatments with complementary and alternative therapies to address the whole person, not just the disease. By recognizing the importance of these connections, practitioners aim to promote holistic healing and overall well-being. Option A, "Costs paid by insurance," is incorrect as it pertains to financial aspects rather than the core focus of integrative health care. Option B, "Treatment of symptoms," is also incorrect because although symptom management is part of patient care, the integrative model goes beyond symptom control to address underlying causes and promote wellness. Option D, "Care directed by nurse practitioners," is incorrect as it focuses on the role of a specific healthcare provider rather than the comprehensive approach of integrative care that involves multiple disciplines and modalities working together. Educationally, understanding the integrative model of health care is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide patient-centered care that considers all aspects of a person's health. It emphasizes the importance of treating the whole individual, fostering a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness between physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. This knowledge is essential for promoting optimal health outcomes and enhancing the quality of patient care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct action for the nurse is option C: Comfortably position the patient to expose the area and massage the back with effleurage and petrissage strokes. The rationale behind this choice is that gentle massage techniques like effleurage and petrissage can help alleviate mild back pain and promote relaxation, which can be beneficial for a bedridden patient. Additionally, providing hands-on care can also enhance the nurse-patient relationship and improve overall patient comfort. Option A is incorrect as suggesting acupuncture does not directly address the patient's request for a massage. Option B is incorrect because while it is true that massage should typically be done by a licensed therapist, in this case, the nurse can provide a gentle massage within their scope of practice. Option D is also incorrect as it delays addressing the patient's immediate need for comfort and relief by involving physical therapy. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding basic nursing interventions for pain management and comfort measures. Nurses should be aware of simple techniques like effleurage and petrissage that can be safely used to address patient discomfort. It also emphasizes the significance of therapeutic communication and meeting patient needs promptly and effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the common uses of herbal supplements like feverfew is crucial for safe and effective patient care. The correct answer, B) Most commonly used for prevention of migraine headaches, aligns with evidence-based practice. Feverfew has been studied for its potential in reducing the frequency and severity of migraines, making it a common choice for individuals seeking non-pharmacological migraine management. Option A, frequently used for insomnia and anxiety, is incorrect as feverfew is not typically indicated for these conditions. Option C, frequently used to prevent and treat upper respiratory infections, is also incorrect as feverfew is not commonly associated with this use. Option D, often used by perimenopausal women to relieve menopausal symptoms, is incorrect as well, as feverfew is not a standard treatment for menopausal symptoms. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of knowing the specific uses of herbal remedies to provide appropriate care to patients. Understanding the evidence-based indications for herbal supplements like feverfew can guide healthcare providers in recommending safe and effective treatment options for various conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and sleep disorders, understanding parasomnias is crucial. A parasomnia is a type of sleep disorder characterized by abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep. In this case, the correct answer is D) Sleep terrors. Sleep terrors, also known as night terrors, are a type of parasomnia where the individual experiences intense fear or terror during sleep, often accompanied by screaming or thrashing. This is different from nightmares, which occur during REM sleep. Option A) Cataplexy is not a parasomnia but a symptom of narcolepsy, involving sudden muscle weakness triggered by emotions. Option B) Hypopnea refers to shallow breathing during sleep and is a sign of sleep-disordered breathing, not a parasomnia. Option C) Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, also not classified as a parasomnia. Educationally, recognizing different sleep disorders, including parasomnias, is essential for healthcare professionals, especially in pharmacology when considering treatment options that may impact sleep patterns. Understanding the distinction between parasomnias and other sleep disorders helps in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management strategies for patients experiencing these conditions.