When we inhale

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct: 1. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, expanding the thoracic cavity. 2. Expansion of the thoracic cavity leads to a decrease in alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. 3. Decreased alveolar pressure causes air to flow into the lungs due to the pressure difference. 4. Decreased intrapleural pressure helps keep the lungs inflated by maintaining the pleural cavity pressure lower than alveolar pressure. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A. Incorrect because alveolar pressure decreases during inhalation, but intrapleural pressure also decreases. B. Incorrect because both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease during inhalation. D. Incorrect because alveolar pressure decreases and intrapleural pressure also decreases during inhalation, not increases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chloride shift. During the transport of CO2, carbonic anhydrase in RBCs converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions. To maintain electrochemical neutrality, chloride ions move into RBCs as bicarbonate ions move out into plasma (Chloride Shift). Osmosis (A) involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, not relevant to CO2 transport. Adsorption (B) refers to the adhesion of molecules to a surface, not a process between RBCs and plasma in CO2 transport. Absorption (D) typically involves the uptake of substances into a bulk material, not applicable to the interaction between RBCs and plasma in CO2 transport.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Provide a clear liquid breakfast. Rationale: Preparing a client for a bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy involves NPO (nothing by mouth) after midnight to prevent aspiration during the procedure. Providing a clear liquid breakfast contradicts the NPO status required. Summary: - B: Verifying informed consent is essential to ensure the client understands the procedure and consents to it. - C: Documenting allergies is important to prevent any adverse reactions during the procedure. - D: Reviewing laboratory results is necessary to ensure the client's readiness for the procedure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because assisting the client to choose a communication method is crucial before a total laryngectomy surgery as it will help in ensuring effective communication post-surgery. This step is essential to address the potential communication challenges the client may face after the laryngectomy. Assessing airway patency, breathing, and circulation (Choice A) is important but typically occurs as part of routine preoperative assessments and is not specific to laryngectomy. Administering pain medication (Choice B) is not a priority before surgery and should be done as per the prescribed protocol post-surgery. Ambulating the client (Choice D) is not directly related to the specific needs of a client undergoing a total laryngectomy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the client's presentation suggests an acute respiratory issue, likely pneumonia. The client has crackles and rhonchi, low WBC count, and new onset dyspnea and cough. The priority is to assess oxygenation (PaO2 of 85 mm Hg), which is crucial in pneumonia. The client is on insulin, so blood glucose monitoring is vital. The other choices are not the priority at this moment: B is not the priority until oxygenation is assessed, C is premature without a confirmed diagnosis, and D can be done after prioritizing oxygenation.