When the patient with parathyroid disease experiences symptoms of hypocalcemia, what is a measure that can be used to temporarily raise serum calcium levels?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the scenario of a patient with parathyroid disease experiencing symptoms of hypocalcemia, the correct measure to temporarily raise serum calcium levels is to administer IV normal saline (Option A). This is because IV normal saline contains sodium chloride, which can help increase serum calcium levels by promoting the movement of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream. Option B, administering furosemide (Lasix), is incorrect as it is a diuretic that promotes the excretion of fluids and electrolytes, including calcium, leading to a potential decrease in serum calcium levels. Option C, having the patient rebreathe in a paper bag, is not a suitable intervention for hypocalcemia. This technique is used to treat respiratory alkalosis by increasing carbon dioxide levels, not for addressing low calcium levels. Option D, administering oral phosphorus supplements, is also incorrect. While phosphorus and calcium levels are interrelated, giving phosphorus supplements may not directly address the immediate need to raise serum calcium levels in a patient with hypocalcemia. Educationally, understanding the appropriate interventions for managing electrolyte imbalances is crucial for healthcare providers, especially when caring for patients with endocrine disorders like parathyroid disease. This case highlights the importance of knowing the effects of different interventions on electrolyte levels and choosing the most appropriate treatment based on the specific electrolyte imbalance present.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low. Miss White, being a diabetic, is likely experiencing these symptoms due to low blood sugar levels. Headache, weakness, irritability, lack of muscular coordination, and apprehension are all common early signs of hypoglycemia. Option A) diabetic ketoacidosis is incorrect because it is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes characterized by high blood sugar levels and the presence of ketones in the blood. Option B) hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is also incorrect as it is a severe complication of diabetes with very high blood sugar levels but without ketones. Option C) microangiopathy is a long-term complication of diabetes affecting small blood vessels and is not related to the acute symptoms described. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to recognize the early signs of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients as prompt intervention is necessary to prevent progression to severe outcomes like seizures or loss of consciousness. Understanding the differences between hypoglycemia and other diabetic complications is essential for providing appropriate care and ensuring patient safety.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Mrs. K's case of hyperthyroidism undergoing radioactive iodine therapy, the correct answer is C) You will need to avoid close contact with others for several days. This instruction is crucial as the radioactive iodine therapy can make the patient emit radiation, which can be harmful to others, especially pregnant women and children. Option A is incorrect because in hyperthyroidism, the goal is usually to decrease thyroid hormone levels, so taking a thyroid hormone supplement after treatment would be counterproductive. Option B is incorrect because radioactive iodine therapy requires precautions due to radiation exposure, and immediate resumption of usual activities can pose risks to others. Option D is incorrect because increasing iodized salt intake is not recommended post-radioactive iodine therapy; in fact, patients are often advised to limit iodine intake to prevent interference with treatment efficacy. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind each option enhances the student's grasp of the importance of radiation safety measures in treating hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine therapy and reinforces the need for tailored patient education based on specific treatment modalities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Buffalo hump, moon facies, and central obesity. These symptoms are classic manifestations of Cushing's syndrome, a condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. A buffalo hump is the accumulation of fat between the shoulders, moon facies refers to a rounded face with red cheeks, and central obesity is the accumulation of fat around the abdomen and upper back. These physical changes are due to the metabolic effects of excess cortisol. Option B) Diarrhea, confusion, and exophthalmos are not typical symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Diarrhea is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal issues, confusion could indicate neurological problems, and exophthalmos is a protrusion of the eyes seen in conditions like Graves' disease. Option C) Weight loss, low blood pressure, and tachycardia are more indicative of conditions like Addison's disease where there is adrenal insufficiency leading to decreased cortisol levels. Option D) Nausea, low hemoglobin, and shortness of breath are not specific symptoms of Cushing's syndrome but could be seen in various other medical conditions such as anemia or heart failure. Understanding the specific symptoms associated with different endocrine disorders is crucial for healthcare providers to accurately diagnose and treat patients. Recognizing the key clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome helps in early identification and appropriate management of this condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In diagnosing hyperthyroidism in older adults, the most reliable thyroid function test is measuring the Serum T3 level. Thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) play a crucial role in regulating metabolism. In hyperthyroidism, there is an excess of these hormones, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and tremors. Measuring Serum T3 level directly assesses the active thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, providing a more accurate reflection of thyroid function compared to T4 alone. This is particularly important in older adults who may have atypical symptoms or underlying health conditions that can complicate diagnosis. The other options listed - Glucose tolerance test, Cosyntropin, and Iodine tolerance test - are not appropriate for diagnosing hyperthyroidism. A Glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes, Cosyntropin is used to assess adrenal function, and Iodine tolerance test is outdated and not reliable for diagnosing hyperthyroidism. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind selecting the appropriate thyroid function test is essential for healthcare professionals, especially when working with older adult populations who may present with subtle or nonspecific symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This knowledge ensures accurate diagnosis and appropriate management to improve patient outcomes.