When teaching an older adult with CAD how to manage the treatment program for angina, which guidelines does the nurse use to teach the patient?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) To sit for 2 to 5 minutes before standing when getting out of bed. This guideline is essential for older adults with CAD as it helps prevent orthostatic hypotension, a common issue in this population. Orthostatic hypotension can lead to dizziness and falls, which can be dangerous for individuals with CAD. Teaching the patient to sit before standing allows for gradual adjustment of blood pressure and reduces the risk of these complications. Option B is incorrect because regular exercise is crucial for managing CAD and angina. Exercise helps strengthen the heart and improve overall cardiovascular health. Limiting exercise to only twice a week can be detrimental to the patient's condition. Option C is incorrect as lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and smoking cessation, are fundamental in managing CAD, regardless of age. These changes can significantly impact the progression of the disease and improve quality of life. Option D is incorrect because aspirin therapy is commonly recommended for older adults with CAD to reduce the risk of blood clots and cardiovascular events. While bleeding risk is a consideration, the benefits of aspirin therapy usually outweigh the potential risks in this population. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to provide accurate and evidence-based information to older adults with CAD to empower them to manage their condition effectively. Teaching practical guidelines, such as sitting before standing, can make a significant difference in the patient's daily life and overall health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pulmonary tuberculosis, the correct answer is option C) Both A and B - bacterial infection and immune response. This is because pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The immune response plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. When the bacteria enter the lungs, the immune system responds by activating various immune cells to fight the infection. This immune response leads to the formation of granulomas, which are a hallmark of tuberculosis infection. Option A) Bacterial infection is not the sole cause because the immune response also plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Option B) Immune response alone is not correct because the presence of the bacterium is necessary to trigger the immune response leading to the development of tuberculosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis is essential for healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat the disease effectively. It also highlights the importance of a balanced immune response in controlling the infection without causing excessive tissue damage. Educationally, this question helps students integrate their knowledge of microbiology and immunology to understand the complex interplay between bacterial infections and the immune system in the context of pulmonary tuberculosis. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to studying and managing infectious diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: In the context of managing hypertension, a combination of dietary modifications is crucial for effective control of blood pressure. Option C, "Both A and B" (Low sodium and Calorie restriction), is the correct answer because both components play key roles in managing hypertension. Low sodium intake is important because excessive sodium can lead to fluid retention, increasing blood volume and subsequently raising blood pressure. By reducing sodium consumption, blood pressure can be better controlled. Calorie restriction is also essential because obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension. By reducing overall calorie intake, individuals can achieve weight loss, which in turn helps to lower blood pressure. Option A, "Low sodium," alone is not sufficient for managing hypertension as calorie intake also plays a significant role. Similarly, option B, "Calorie restriction," on its own may not address the specific issue of sodium intake, which is crucial in hypertension management. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to dietary management in hypertension. Students learning about cardiovascular health need to understand the multifaceted nature of dietary interventions in managing chronic conditions like hypertension. By grasping the significance of both low sodium and calorie restriction, students can better appreciate the holistic approach needed for effective hypertension management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In educating Mr. Cook about essential hypertension, it is crucial to explain that it occurs as a result of unknown factors, as indicated by option D. Essential hypertension, also known as primary hypertension, develops gradually over time and its exact cause is often unknown. This highlights the complexity of hypertension and the importance of regular monitoring and management. Option A, undiagnosed kidney disease, is incorrect because while kidney issues can contribute to secondary hypertension, essential hypertension is not primarily caused by kidney disease. Option B, metabolic disturbances, is also incorrect as metabolic issues may contribute to hypertension but are not the primary cause in essential hypertension. Option C, overingestion of dietary salt, is a common misconception. While excessive salt intake can lead to high blood pressure, essential hypertension is not solely caused by salt intake. In an educational context, understanding the underlying causes of essential hypertension is vital for individuals to take proactive steps in managing their blood pressure through lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and regular monitoring. By clarifying these misconceptions, individuals like Mr. Cook can make informed decisions about their health and work towards better blood pressure control.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D: "determine her response to therapy: adjust accordingly." The primary objective of reviewing Mrs. Payer's follow-up visits is to assess how she is responding to the prescribed therapy and make any necessary adjustments to optimize her treatment plan. Option A, "review symptomatology of CAD and angina," is not the main objective during follow-up visits. While it is important to monitor symptoms, the primary focus should be on treatment response and adjustments. Option B, "check dosages of medications she is taking," is also not the main objective during follow-up visits. While medication dosage is important, it is secondary to evaluating treatment response and making appropriate changes. Option C, "tell her what will happen if she does not comply with her regimen," is not the main objective during follow-up visits. While patient education and compliance are vital, the main goal is to assess treatment effectiveness and modify the plan as needed. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the correct answer reinforces the importance of ongoing assessment and individualized care in managing cardiovascular conditions. By regularly evaluating a patient's response to therapy and adjusting treatment accordingly, healthcare providers can optimize outcomes and enhance patient well-being. This approach emphasizes the importance of personalized medicine and patient-centered care in managing chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease.