When reviewing a patient's four-week diet history, the cardiac-vascular nurse identifies a pattern of high-calorie intake on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday nights. The patient states that their spouse recently started taking a night class on those evenings at a local university. The patient's diet history indicates:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: High-calorie intake on specific nights linked to the spouse’s absence suggests an individual coping behavior (e.g., emotional eating), not a family issue (A), lack of knowledge (B), or cooking skill deficit (C), but a personal response to stress or loneliness.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which work together to circulate blood throughout the body. The kidneys (Choice D), while vital for filtering blood and regulating fluid balance as part of the urinary system, are not a direct component of the cardiovascular system. The heart (Choice A) pumps blood, blood vessels (Choice C) transport it, and although the lungs (Choice B) oxygenate blood via pulmonary circulation, they belong to the respiratory system, not the cardiovascular system. However, the provided answer specifies kidneys, which aligns with their exclusion from the core circulatory components.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The pulmonary semilunar valve is on the right side of the heart, controlling blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. The tricuspid valve, also on the right side, regulates flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. The mitral (bicuspid) and aortic valves are on the left side.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In late diastole, the atria and ventricles are relaxed, AV valves are open, and ventricles fill with blood from the atria. The aortic valve, however, is closed during diastole to prevent backflow from the aorta into the ventricle.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The tunica adventitia, the outermost layer of blood vessels, is primarily connective tissue (including collagen and some elastic fibers) anchoring the vessel to surrounding structures. Epithelium is not present here.