When caring for the patient with interstitial cystitis, what can the nurse teach the patient to do?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Calcium glycerophosphate (Prelief) is a dietary supplement that helps decrease bladder irritation in patients with interstitial cystitis. It works by reducing the acidity of foods and beverages that can irritate the bladder. This can help alleviate symptoms such as bladder pain and urgency. Avoiding foods that make the urine more alkaline (choice A) is not recommended for patients with interstitial cystitis as it can worsen symptoms. Using high-potency vitamin therapy (choice B) to decrease autoimmune effects is not a standard treatment for interstitial cystitis. Keeping a voiding diary (choice C) is helpful for tracking symptoms but does not directly address bladder irritation like calcium glycerophosphate does.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Urine sodium of 12 mEq/L (12 mmol/L). In a patient with AKI, tubular damage results in the inability of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium effectively, leading to a low urine sodium concentration. This is because damaged tubules cannot properly regulate sodium reabsorption. Choices A, B, and D do not directly indicate tubular damage. Hematuria (choice A) can be seen in various renal conditions, fixed specific gravity at 1.010 (choice B) may indicate dilute urine, and osmolality of 1000 mOsm/kg (choice D) could be within normal range depending on the clinical context.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). In APD, the patient connects to a machine at night for dialysis while sleeping, and during the day, the dialysis fluid remains in the abdomen. This allows for continuous treatment without the need for daytime exchanges. A: Long nocturnal hemodialysis involves nighttime hemodialysis sessions but does not involve leaving fluid in the abdomen during the day. C: Continuous venovenous hemofiltration is a continuous renal replacement therapy used in critically ill patients, not for ambulatory dialysis. D: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) requires manual exchanges throughout the day, unlike APD where the fluid remains in the abdomen during the day.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: increase fluid intake. Adequate hydration helps prevent the formation of kidney stones by diluting the substances in the urine that can lead to stone formation. Increasing fluid intake can also help flush out minerals and toxins from the kidneys. A: Taking prophylactic antibiotics daily is not recommended for preventing renal calculi as it can lead to antibiotic resistance and potential side effects. C: Taking megadoses of vitamin C daily can actually increase the risk of kidney stone formation as excess vitamin C can be converted into oxalate, a substance known to contribute to stone formation. D: While adequate rest and stress reduction are important for overall health, they do not directly prevent the recurrence of renal calculi.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid during peritoneal or hemodialysis. This is because rapid removal of fluid can lead to electrolyte imbalances and changes in blood pressure, causing nausea and vomiting. Choice B is incorrect because movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane is not a common physical problem during dialysis. Choice C is incorrect because movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood is not typically associated with physical problems during dialysis. Choice D is incorrect because water intoxication from excessive fluid removal can occur, but it is not the most common physical problem during dialysis.