When caring for a patient after a cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography, which finding would be of most concern to the nurse?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In caring for a patient after a cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography, the finding of most concern to the nurse would be the absence of pulses distal to the catheter insertion site (Option C). This is indicative of a potential complication such as arterial occlusion or reduced blood flow, which could lead to serious consequences like tissue ischemia or infarction. Option A, swelling at the catheter insertion site, is a common and expected finding post-procedure due to inflammation and local trauma. It is important to monitor for excessive swelling or signs of infection, but it is not as concerning as the absence of pulses. Option B, development of raised wheals on the patient's trunk, is likely unrelated to the cardiac catheterization procedure and may indicate an allergic reaction or other skin issue. While it should be assessed and addressed, it is not as critical as the absence of pulses. Option D, patient pain at the insertion site as 4 on a scale of 0 to 10, is a common post-procedure symptom and can be managed with appropriate pain relief measures. Pain alone, especially at a moderate level, is not as worrisome as the absence of pulses indicating compromised circulation. In an educational context, understanding the potential complications and priority assessments post-cardiac catheterization is crucial for nurses caring for these patients. Recognizing and responding promptly to signs of impaired circulation can prevent serious complications and improve patient outcomes. Regular monitoring and assessment skills are essential in post-procedure care to ensure early detection of any issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) To sit for 2 to 5 minutes before standing when getting out of bed. This guideline is essential for older adults with CAD as it helps prevent orthostatic hypotension, a common issue in this population. Orthostatic hypotension can lead to dizziness and falls, which can be dangerous for individuals with CAD. Teaching the patient to sit before standing allows for gradual adjustment of blood pressure and reduces the risk of these complications. Option B is incorrect because regular exercise is crucial for managing CAD and angina. Exercise helps strengthen the heart and improve overall cardiovascular health. Limiting exercise to only twice a week can be detrimental to the patient's condition. Option C is incorrect as lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and smoking cessation, are fundamental in managing CAD, regardless of age. These changes can significantly impact the progression of the disease and improve quality of life. Option D is incorrect because aspirin therapy is commonly recommended for older adults with CAD to reduce the risk of blood clots and cardiovascular events. While bleeding risk is a consideration, the benefits of aspirin therapy usually outweigh the potential risks in this population. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to provide accurate and evidence-based information to older adults with CAD to empower them to manage their condition effectively. Teaching practical guidelines, such as sitting before standing, can make a significant difference in the patient's daily life and overall health outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) IV morphine sulfate. When a patient diagnosed with a myocardial infarction (MI) does not experience relief from chest pain with IV nitroglycerin, the next step is to administer IV morphine sulfate. Morphine is indicated for managing chest pain in MI as it helps to reduce pain, decrease anxiety, and improve oxygen delivery to the heart by reducing preload and afterload. Option B) Calcium channel blockers are not typically used in the acute management of MI-related chest pain. They are more commonly used for long-term management of angina or hypertension. Option C) IV amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to manage cardiac arrhythmias, not chest pain associated with MI. Option D) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used in the long-term management of heart failure and hypertension, but are not the first-line choice for immediate relief of chest pain in an acute MI. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the selection of IV morphine sulfate in this situation is crucial for nursing students and healthcare professionals working in cardiac care settings. It is essential to know the appropriate pharmacological interventions for managing acute coronary events to provide timely and effective care to patients experiencing an MI.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pulmonary tuberculosis, the correct answer is option C) Both A and B - bacterial infection and immune response. This is because pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The immune response plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. When the bacteria enter the lungs, the immune system responds by activating various immune cells to fight the infection. This immune response leads to the formation of granulomas, which are a hallmark of tuberculosis infection. Option A) Bacterial infection is not the sole cause because the immune response also plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Option B) Immune response alone is not correct because the presence of the bacterium is necessary to trigger the immune response leading to the development of tuberculosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis is essential for healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat the disease effectively. It also highlights the importance of a balanced immune response in controlling the infection without causing excessive tissue damage. Educationally, this question helps students integrate their knowledge of microbiology and immunology to understand the complex interplay between bacterial infections and the immune system in the context of pulmonary tuberculosis. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to studying and managing infectious diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: In the context of managing hypertension, a combination of dietary modifications is crucial for effective control of blood pressure. Option C, "Both A and B" (Low sodium and Calorie restriction), is the correct answer because both components play key roles in managing hypertension. Low sodium intake is important because excessive sodium can lead to fluid retention, increasing blood volume and subsequently raising blood pressure. By reducing sodium consumption, blood pressure can be better controlled. Calorie restriction is also essential because obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension. By reducing overall calorie intake, individuals can achieve weight loss, which in turn helps to lower blood pressure. Option A, "Low sodium," alone is not sufficient for managing hypertension as calorie intake also plays a significant role. Similarly, option B, "Calorie restriction," on its own may not address the specific issue of sodium intake, which is crucial in hypertension management. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to dietary management in hypertension. Students learning about cardiovascular health need to understand the multifaceted nature of dietary interventions in managing chronic conditions like hypertension. By grasping the significance of both low sodium and calorie restriction, students can better appreciate the holistic approach needed for effective hypertension management.