When blood glucose levels are low, the ______ will increase the secretion of ______.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: pancreas; glucagon. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon acts to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. The adrenal cortex does not directly regulate blood glucose levels through aldosterone secretion. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels to lower them, not increase them. The posterior pituitary secretes ADH to regulate water balance, not blood glucose levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production. This leads to increased breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic and are excreted in urine, causing ketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: Ketone bodies do not decrease in urine in Diabetes Mellitus. C: Urine does not become more dilute in Diabetes Mellitus; instead, it may become more concentrated due to increased excretion of glucose and ketone bodies. D: This choice is incorrect as Diabetes Mellitus does affect urine composition by increasing ketone bodies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C being correct: 1. Oligosaccharidase deficiency impairs breakdown of oligosaccharides in the small intestine. 2. Undigested oligosaccharides draw water into the intestines, causing osmotic diarrhea. 3. This leads to increased fluid content in the stool, resulting in osmotic diarrhea. 4. This process does not involve salivary amylase or lactose intolerance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins. This process aids in the digestion of proteins in the stomach. Chief cells do not secrete HCl (A), which is secreted by parietal cells. Intrinsic factor (C) is secreted by parietal cells and is essential for vitamin B12 absorption, not by chief cells. HCO3- (D) is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum, not by chief cells in the stomach.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP. GIP, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is the most important hormone in insulin secretion. It is released by the intestines in response to glucose intake, stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Gastrin (A) is involved in gastric acid secretion, not insulin. CCK (B) and secretin (D) are involved in digestion and pancreatic enzyme secretion, not insulin regulation. So, GIP is the correct answer as it directly stimulates insulin release in response to glucose levels.