When assessing a newborn infant's genitalia, the nurse notices that the genitalia are somewhat engorged. The labia majora are swollen, the clitoris looks large, and the hymen is thick. The vaginal opening is difficult to visualize. The infant's mother states that she is worried about the labia being swollen. The nurse should reply:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Neonatal genital engorgement is a common finding due to maternal hormones. Step 2: Maternal hormones can cause swelling of the labia majora, clitoris, and thickening of the hymen. Step 3: This physiological phenomenon typically resolves within a few weeks post-birth. Step 4: The nurse should reassure the mother that this is a normal finding in newborns. Summary: Choice A is correct because it aligns with the normal physiological process, while the other options suggest unnecessary interventions or monitoring that are not indicated in this situation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: I must clarify that the correct answer should be A: Decreased estrogen levels. In the peri-menopausal stage, a woman's ovaries produce less estrogen, leading to symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Option B is incorrect because increased estrogen levels are not typical during peri-menopause. Option C is vague and does not specifically address the primary reason for the symptoms. Option D, psychological stress, may exacerbate symptoms but is not the primary cause in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: A large, irregular, and tender uterus. Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that can cause heavy menstrual bleeding and frequent urination. During the pelvic examination, the nurse would expect to find a large uterus due to the presence of fibroids. The irregular shape is indicative of the growths, and tenderness may be present due to inflammation or pressure on surrounding tissues. Choices A, C, and D do not align with the typical characteristics of fibroids, making them incorrect. A smooth, enlarged uterus (A) is not characteristic of fibroids. A firm, mobile, and non-tender uterus (C) is more indicative of a normal uterus. A hard, irregular, fixed uterus (D) may suggest a different pathology, such as endometriosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Salts. During filtration in the kidneys, salts (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) are removed from the blood to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Carbon dioxide (A) is primarily eliminated through respiration, not filtration by the kidneys. Oxygen (C) is essential for cellular respiration and is not typically removed by the kidneys. Red blood cells (D) are not filtered out by the kidneys unless there is a medical condition affecting the kidneys' function. Thus, the correct answer is B as salts are one of the key substances removed during kidney filtration to regulate electrolyte levels in the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Proximal convoluted tubule. ADH acts on the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption. However, the majority of water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to its high permeability to water. This segment reabsorbs about 65% of filtered water, mainly through osmosis. The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in concentrating urine, but it is not the main site of water reabsorption. The collecting duct responds to ADH but reabsorbs a smaller fraction of filtered water compared to the proximal tubule. The distal convoluted tubule is primarily involved in electrolyte reabsorption rather than water reabsorption.