When applying transdermal nitroglycerin patches, which instruction by the nurse is correct?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rotating the application sites of transdermal nitroglycerin patches is important to prevent skin irritation and tolerance development. By changing the site with each dose, the nurse ensures proper absorption of the medication and reduces the risk of skin reactions. It is not recommended to always apply the patch to the same site, as this can lead to localized skin irritation. It is also important to avoid using areas with a lot of hair or bony prominences, as well as to avoid areas with scars or skin folds. Rotation of application sites helps maintain the effectiveness of the nitroglycerin patch therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metformin is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. One of the main actions of Metformin is to decrease hepatic glucose production by suppressing gluconeogenesis in the liver. By reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver, Metformin helps lower blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. This action helps improve insulin sensitivity and overall glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The other options provided in the question do not describe the primary mechanism of action of Metformin.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct definition for absorption of a drug is the movement of a drug from the site of administration (e.g., mouth, skin, injection site) into the bloodstream and then to various tissues of the body. This process is a critical step in the pharmacokinetics of a drug, as it determines the rate and extent to which the drug reaches its target site of action. Absorption can be affected by various factors such as the route of administration, drug formulation, and physiological factors of the individual.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Digoxin belongs to the class of drugs known as cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycosides are a group of compounds derived from plants and some animals that have the ability to increase the contractility of the heart muscle. Digoxin is commonly used to treat conditions such as congestive heart failure and irregular heart rhythms. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and subsequently improving the heart's pumping ability.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors should avoid salt substitutes, foods high in potassium, and foods high in sodium. Salt substitutes often contain potassium chloride, which may cause an increase in potassium levels when combined with ACE inhibitors. Foods high in potassium, such as bananas, oranges, spinach, and potatoes, can also potentially elevate potassium levels when consumed in large amounts. Additionally, foods high in sodium can counteract the effects of ACE inhibitors in managing blood pressure. Therefore, it is important for patients on ACE inhibitors to be mindful of their intake of salt substitutes, high-potassium foods, and high-sodium foods to ensure the effectiveness of their medication and to prevent any potential complications.