When applying the SAMPLE mnemonic, which of the following statements from the patient would be classified under the letter 'M' for medications?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: The 'M' in the SAMPLE mnemonic stands for Medications, which focuses on the current and past medications the patient is taking. Step 2: Choice D, "I take Metformin for my diabetes," directly provides information about a medication the patient is currently taking. Step 3: This statement is relevant to the patient's medical history and helps in understanding their current health condition. Summary: Choice D is correct as it specifically addresses the patient's medication (Metformin for diabetes), while the other choices provide information related to headaches (A), allergies (B), and surgical history (C), which do not fall under the 'M' category for medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct diagnosis is C: Parkinson's disease. The symptoms of confusion, tremors, and bradykinesia are classic features of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement. The typical onset age aligns with the patient's age. Alzheimer's disease (A) primarily affects memory and cognition, Huntington's disease (B) presents with involuntary movements and cognitive decline, and Multiple sclerosis (D) involves the immune system attacking the central nervous system causing a variety of symptoms. Parkinson's is the most appropriate choice based on the symptom presentation and age of the patient.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lisinopril. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor commonly prescribed for patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. It helps to reduce blood pressure and protect the kidneys by dilating blood vessels and improving blood flow. Furosemide (B) is a diuretic used to treat fluid retention but not specifically indicated for chronic kidney disease. Metoprolol (C) is a beta-blocker primarily used for heart conditions. Spironolactone (D) is a potassium-sparing diuretic and is not the first-line treatment for hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dry mouth and skin. Dehydration in older adults can lead to dry mouth and skin due to the lack of proper hydration. This is an early sign as the body starts to lose water. Weight gain (A) is not indicative of dehydration, as it typically occurs with fluid retention. Decreased urine output (C) is a later sign of dehydration, as the body conserves water. Increased thirst (D) is a response to dehydration but not an early sign. Therefore, dry mouth and skin are the most relevant early indicators of dehydration in older adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Provide a calm environment with minimal stimulation. This intervention is most likely to reduce agitation in a client with dementia because excessive stimulation can overwhelm and confuse them, leading to increased agitation. By creating a calm environment with minimal stimuli, the client can feel more relaxed and less agitated. Summary: B: Increasing social activities may actually worsen agitation as it can be overwhelming for a client with dementia. C: While social engagement is important, too many visitors can increase agitation. D: Providing a variety of activities may lead to confusion and frustration instead of reducing agitation.