When another patient serves as 'alter ego' during an outpatient group session, the nurse documents that the group had been engaged in:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Psychodrama. Psychodrama involves group members taking on roles, such as an alter ego, to explore and address emotional issues. This technique allows for a deeper understanding of one's own thoughts and behaviors through the perspective of another person. Option A) Role-playing is similar to psychodrama but typically involves acting out specific situations or scenarios, often for skill-building purposes rather than deep emotional exploration as in psychodrama. Option C) Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns to alter behaviors, which is different from the interactive, role-playing nature of psychodrama. Option D) Consensus building involves reaching an agreement or shared understanding among group members, which is not the primary focus of using alter egos in psychodrama. In an educational context, understanding the nuances of therapeutic techniques like psychodrama is essential for healthcare professionals, especially nurses working in mental health or behavioral health settings. By grasping the distinctive features of each intervention, nurses can effectively choose and implement the most appropriate strategies to support patient well-being and growth.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a fundamental framework in understanding how individuals acquire knowledge and develop reasoning abilities. The stage that corresponds to the age range between 12 years and adulthood, according to Piaget, is the Formal Operations stage. In the Formal Operations stage, typically reached around age 11 or 12 and extending into adulthood, individuals develop the ability for abstract thinking, logical reasoning, hypothesis testing, and problem-solving. They can think about possibilities and hypothetical situations, understand abstract concepts, and engage in deductive reasoning. Now, let's address why the other options are incorrect: A) Sensorimotor stage: This stage occurs from birth to around 2 years old and is characterized by the development of object permanence and the coordination of sensory experiences with physical actions. It does not align with the age range specified in the question. B) Preoperational stage: This stage occurs roughly between ages 2 to 7 and is marked by egocentric thinking, symbolic representation, and language development. It also does not correspond to the age range in question. C) Concrete operational stage: This stage typically occurs between ages 7 to 11 and is characterized by the development of conservation, classification skills, and logical reasoning, but it does not cover the range of 12 years to adulthood as specified in the question. In an educational context, understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is crucial for educators to tailor their teaching strategies to students' cognitive abilities. By recognizing that individuals in the Formal Operations stage can think abstractly and engage in complex problem-solving, educators can design activities and assessments that challenge students to use higher-order thinking skills. This knowledge helps educators support students' cognitive growth and development effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the level for survival is also known as the level of physiological needs, which is the correct answer (A). This level encompasses basic human needs such as air, water, food, shelter, sleep, and reproduction. Without satisfying these physiological needs, an individual cannot move up the hierarchy to fulfill higher-level needs. Option B, safety and security, is incorrect because it represents the next level in Maslow's hierarchy after physiological needs. Safety needs include personal security, employment, resources, health, and property. These needs come into focus once physiological needs are met. Option C, love and belonging, is a higher-level need in Maslow's hierarchy that involves interpersonal relationships, love, and a sense of belonging. It comes after safety needs are satisfied. Option D, self-esteem, is also a higher-level need that involves feelings of accomplishment, prestige, and self-respect. This need arises once lower-level needs such as physiological, safety, and love/belonging are fulfilled. Understanding Maslow's hierarchy of needs is crucial in public health as it helps in designing effective behavior change interventions. By recognizing where individuals are in the hierarchy, public health professionals can tailor interventions to address the specific unmet needs that may be hindering behavior change. This knowledge can lead to more targeted and successful public health campaigns aimed at promoting healthier behaviors within communities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most appropriate activity for Toni T, a 5-year-old girl with a broken pelvis, would be an age-appropriate video game (Option A). This choice is appropriate for several reasons. First, given her physical limitation of needing to stay in bed for 3 weeks, a video game can provide entertainment and mental stimulation without requiring physical exertion. It can help prevent boredom and foster a sense of normalcy during her recovery period. In contrast, the other options are not as suitable for Toni's situation. A sports video (Option B) may not be appropriate as it could potentially frustrate her by highlighting physical activities she cannot currently participate in. Finger paints (Option C) involve physical movement that could be harmful to her pelvis while a chess set (Option D) may not be engaging or developmentally appropriate for a 5-year-old, especially one who is likely feeling restless due to being confined to bed. From an educational perspective, choosing the most appropriate activity for a child recovering from an injury is crucial to support their well-being and recovery process. Providing engaging, safe, and mentally stimulating activities can help alleviate the stress and boredom that often accompany physical restrictions. In this case, an age-appropriate video game aligns with the principles of promoting mental well-being and normalcy during a challenging time for the child.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: High-quality social support enhances mental and physical health and acts as a significant buffer against distress. Low-quality support relationships affect a persons coping negatively. Resuming dating soon after a divorce could place additional stress on the patient rather than helping her cope with existing stressors. Developing relationships on the Internet probably would not substitute fully for direct contact with other humans and could expose her to predators misrepresenting themselves to take advantage of vulnerable persons.