When administering phenytoin, the nurse realizes more teaching is needed if the patient makes which statement?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because phenytoin should be taken either with food or after meals to minimize gastrointestinal side effects. Taking it on an empty stomach may lead to increased side effects or decreased drug absorption. Choice A is correct as shaking the oral suspension ensures uniform distribution of the medication. Choice B is correct as alcohol can interact with phenytoin and increase side effects. Choice D is correct as phenytoin can cause gum overgrowth, necessitating regular dental checkups.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because dopaminergics like carbidopa-levodopa are contraindicated in glaucoma due to their potential to raise intraocular pressure, worsening the condition. This is a critical consideration for the nurse to prevent exacerbation of glaucoma symptoms. Choices A and B are incorrect as carbidopa-levodopa typically does not lead to hypertension or excessive salivation. Choice C is also incorrect as drowsiness is a common side effect of dopaminergics but not the most important consideration in this case.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gastrointestinal distress is a common side effect. Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat dementia. Gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, is a common side effect due to increased cholinergic activity in the GI tract. This information is crucial for the patient and family to monitor and manage these symptoms. Rationale for why the other choices are incorrect: A: Hepatotoxicity and jaundice are not common side effects of rivastigmine. These side effects are more commonly associated with other medications. B: The initial dose of rivastigmine is typically lower, starting at 1.5 mg twice a day to minimize side effects. Starting at 6 mg three times a day would increase the risk of adverse effects. D: Increased appetite and weight gain are not typical side effects of rivastigmine. In fact, weight loss is more commonly reported with this medication.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inform the patient that perspiration may be dark and may stain clothing. This is because carbidopa-levodopa can cause dark sweat due to its effect on dopamine levels. This information is crucial for patient education to prevent unnecessary concerns or distress. Choice A is incorrect because high-protein intake can interfere with the absorption of levodopa, leading to reduced effectiveness of the medication. Choice C is incorrect because checking glucose levels with urine testing is not relevant for monitoring the effects of carbidopa-levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Blood glucose monitoring would be more appropriate for diabetes management. Choice D is incorrect because the onset of action for carbidopa-levodopa is typically faster, within hours to days, rather than 4 to 5 days. It is important for the patient to be aware of the potential side effects and expected timeline for symptom improvement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks its own acetylcholine receptors, leading to decreased communication between nerves and muscles, causing muscle weakness. Choice A is incorrect because it describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, not myasthenia gravis. Choice C is incorrect as it describes multiple sclerosis, not myasthenia gravis. Choice D is incorrect as it describes Parkinson's disease, not myasthenia gravis. Remember, in myasthenia gravis, the issue is a decreased amount of acetylcholine to cholinergic receptors, not an imbalance of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine.