When a medicine is delivered via a patch attached to the skin, it is said to be delivered:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Transdermal delivery involves a medicine being applied via a patch on the skin, allowing it to penetrate through the skin layers into the bloodstream for systemic effects, such as nicotine or pain relief patches. Subcutaneous delivery requires an injection beneath the skin into the hypodermis, not a patch. Topical application refers to medicines like creams that act locally on the skin surface, not systemically. Intramuscular delivery involves injection into muscle tissue, far deeper than skin application. The term 'transdermal' specifically denotes crossing the skin barrier for absorption into circulation, distinguishing it from other methods and aligning with the use of adhesive patches in pharmacology.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The papillary dermal layer, the uppermost part of the dermis, is the most superficial integument layer with capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons, supporting the avascular epidermis above it. The reticular dermal layer, deeper in the dermis, has these structures too but isn't as superficial. The stratum granulosum and lucidum are epidermal layers, lacking blood vessels or nerves. The papillary layer's loose connective tissue and rich vascularity, just below the epidermis, make it the correct answer, balancing superficiality with functional components.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Macrophages are immune cells, chondroblasts form cartilage, and melanocytes produce melanin all are cell types in the body. A lysosome, however, is an organelle within cells, containing enzymes for digestion, not a cell itself. The suffixes '-phage,' '-blast,' and '-cyte' denote cells, while lysosome's role as a subcellular structure distinguishes it. In skin context, macrophages and melanocytes are dermal/epidermal cells, but lysosome's intracellular nature excludes it from being a cell, making it the correct non-cell choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sudiferous glands is the formal term for sweat glands, encompassing eccrine and apocrine types, which secrete sweat for cooling and excretion. Ceruminous glands produce earwax, sebaceous glands secrete sebum, and apocrine glands are a subset of sweat glands, not the whole category. 'Sudiferous' (from Latin 'sudor,' sweat) is the broad, accurate synonym, covering all sweat-producing glands in the skin, making it the correct alternative name.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The integumentary system includes the skin (epidermis and dermis), hair, nails, and glands like sebaceous glands. The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, lies beneath the dermis and isn't considered part of the integument proper, despite its adjacency. Sebaceous glands in the dermis, fingernails (epidermal derivatives), and the stratum corneum (epidermis) are all integumentary components. The hypodermis's exclusion, as superficial fascia, is a consistent anatomical distinction, making it the odd one out.