When a child has chronic renal failure, the progressive deterioration produces a variety of clinical and biochemical disturbances that eventually are manifested in the clinical syndrome known as:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Chronic renal failure leads to the build-up of waste products and toxins in the blood, known as uremia. This condition results from the kidneys' inability to effectively filter waste from the blood and maintain proper fluid and electrolyte balance. As renal function declines, uremia can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations such as fatigue, nausea, itching, and electrolyte imbalances, ultimately resulting in the clinical syndrome known as uremia. Oliguria refers to reduced urine output, proteinuria is the presence of excessive protein in the urine, and pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys - these conditions may be present in chronic renal failure but are not the defining clinical syndrome.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When preparing a school-age child and the family for heart surgery, it is essential to provide honest and age-appropriate information to help the child feel more comfortable and reduce anxiety. Letting the child hear the sounds of an ECG monitor is beneficial as it allows them to become familiar with medical equipment and procedures, making them less intimidated by the unfamiliar sounds they may encounter during and after surgery. Familiarizing the child with the sounds can also help alleviate fears and promote understanding of what is happening during the procedure. It is important to maintain open communication, address concerns, and prepare the child and family for what to expect before, during, and after surgery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Toxic shock syndrome is characterized by several clinical manifestations, including a diffuse erythematous macular rash. The rash typically appears early in the course of the illness and may be followed by desquamation (peeling of the skin). Other common symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include fever, hypotension, multi-organ dysfunction, headache, myalgia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe hypertension and subnormal temperature are not typically associated with toxic shock syndrome. Papular rash over extremities is not a classic manifestation of toxic shock syndrome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The nurse should notify the physician stat in this situation. The presence of blood-tinged urine and painful bladder spasms in a patient with a three-way Foley catheter and continuous bladder irrigation post TURP could indicate a potential complication such as hemorrhage or clot retention. It is crucial to ensure prompt medical evaluation and intervention to address these issues effectively. Waiting or administering pain medication without further assessment could delay necessary treatment and lead to worsening of the patient's condition. Therefore, notifying the physician immediately is the most appropriate action in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can infect the genital areas of both men and women. There are many different strains of HPV, some of which can cause genital warts. These warts may appear as small bumps or clusters in the genital or anal area. It's important to note that not all HPV strains cause genital warts, and some can lead to more serious conditions such as cervical cancer. Getting vaccinated against HPV and practicing safe sex can help reduce the risk of HPV infection and its associated complications.