What was considered to be the first code of ethics for nurses?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Nightingale Pledge. This is because the Nightingale Pledge, named after Florence Nightingale, is considered the first formal code of ethics for nurses. It was created in 1893 and emphasizes principles of ethical practice and patient care. The other choices, B, C, and D, are incorrect as they are more recent codes developed by professional nursing organizations in the United States and Canada. While these codes are important in guiding contemporary nursing practice, they were not the first formal code of ethics for nurses like the Nightingale Pledge.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it meets all the criteria for identifying potential clients for a program. Children aged 18 months to 5 years are a specific target group, indicating a clear demographic. The fact that they have been treated for nutritional deficiencies at the district health clinic suggests they have existing health issues that the program could address. Choice A is not correct because it includes all women in a broad age range without specifying any health or program-related criteria. Choice B is incorrect as it focuses on immigrants with language barriers rather than specific health or program needs. Choice C is not the best answer as it only mentions pregnant women who received nutritional counseling but does not specify any ongoing health issues or program needs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because health inequities refer to unjust and avoidable disparities in health outcomes that are rooted in social injustices. This definition highlights the importance of taking reasonable actions to address these disparities, such as ensuring access to healthcare and addressing social determinants of health. Choice A is incorrect as it focuses on the accumulation of factors leading to poor health, which is more aligned with the concept of health determinants. Choice B is incorrect as it suggests that individuals are solely responsible for their health outcomes, ignoring systemic factors. Choice D is incorrect as it only mentions variations in health status without emphasizing the unfairness and avoidability of these differences.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Establishing trust and rapport is crucial in case management with structurally vulnerable populations. Step 2: Long-term relationships allow CHNs to understand complex needs and provide holistic care. Step 3: CHNs should support families without imposing control to empower them. Step 4: Consistency in relationships fosters stability and continuity of care. Therefore, choice A is correct as it emphasizes building long-term relationships based on trust and support. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not prioritize the establishment of trusting relationships and empowerment of families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Community capacity building involves empowering communities to identify and address their own needs. Option C, obtaining sustainable financial resources, is a key feature as it enables communities to fund projects and initiatives independently. This increases their autonomy and sustainability. Asking why (Option A) is a critical thinking skill but not a specific feature of capacity building. Assessing the status quo (Option B) is important for understanding current community strengths and weaknesses but does not necessarily build capacity. Ensuring government involvement (Option D) is beneficial but not a defining feature of community capacity building, as true empowerment comes from community-led initiatives.