What type of study design involves comparing the outcomes of two or more groups that differ in exposure status?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Cohort studies (C) compare exposed vs. unexposed groups for outcomes (e.g., cancer rates). A is snapshot, B is retrospective, D is experimental.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Case-control studies use odds ratio (C) to measure association. A and D are cohort measures, B is cross-sectional.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A confounder (C) links exposure and outcome (e.g., age in smoking-cancer). A is the exposure, B is the outcome, D is bias.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Informed consent excludes exact results (C) as they’re unknown pre-study. A, B, and D are required (e.g., purpose, risks, voluntariness).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: High specificity (B) confirms diagnosis (e.g., few false positives, SpPin). A needs sensitivity, C is sensitivity, D is broad.