What type of immunity is present at birth?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nonspecific. At birth, infants possess nonspecific immunity, also known as innate immunity. This type of immunity provides immediate defense against a wide range of pathogens without prior exposure. It includes physical barriers like skin, chemical barriers like stomach acid, and cellular defenses like macrophages. This innate immunity is essential for protecting newborns from infections until their adaptive immune system develops. Explanation of other choices: A: Active immunity is acquired through exposure to antigens and the subsequent production of antibodies by the individual's own immune system. It is not present at birth. B: Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from another individual, such as through breast milk or placental transfer. It is not present at birth. D: Specific immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is developed over time through exposure to specific antigens and the production of memory cells. It is not present at birth.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Experience and education. A resume should include relevant information such as work experience and educational background to showcase qualifications for a job. Height, weight, religion, marital status, age, and number of children are not appropriate or necessary details to include on a resume as they can lead to discrimination and bias in the hiring process. Focusing on experience and education highlights the candidate's skills and accomplishments that are directly related to the job they are applying for.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B, signing the consent form as a witness, is the correct role of the nurse in ensuring informed consent for a surgical procedure. The nurse's responsibility is to verify that the patient has voluntarily given consent after understanding all relevant information about the procedure. By signing as a witness, the nurse confirms that the patient appeared competent, was provided with adequate information, and consented willingly. Option A is incorrect because obtaining informed consent is typically the responsibility of the physician or healthcare provider performing the procedure. Option C is incorrect as it is ethically and legally unacceptable to ensure that a patient does not refuse treatment. Option D is incorrect as the nurse should not refuse to participate based on legal guidelines but rather should ensure proper documentation and understanding of the consent process. Educationally, understanding the roles and responsibilities of healthcare team members in the informed consent process is crucial for providing safe and ethical patient care. Nurses play a vital role in advocating for patient autonomy and ensuring that patients make informed decisions about their healthcare. By witnessing the consent process, nurses uphold ethical standards and protect both patients and healthcare providers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of basic care for a paraplegic patient, the correct answer is D) 77-year-old man with diabetes. This patient is at the greatest risk for skin and mucous membrane injuries due to the effects of diabetes on circulation and wound healing. Diabetes can lead to poor blood flow, especially to the extremities, which can result in delayed wound healing and increased susceptibility to skin breakdown and infection. In the case of a paraplegic patient who may already have compromised mobility and sensation, these factors further increase the risk of skin breakdown and pressure ulcers. Option A) a 10-day-old infant with no health problems is less likely to be at risk for skin and mucous membrane injuries as infants have resilient skin and are not usually affected by conditions such as poor circulation or impaired wound healing. Option B) a 17-year-old adolescent with asthma is not directly linked to an increased risk of skin and mucous membrane injuries. Asthma is a respiratory condition and does not have a direct impact on skin integrity. Option C) a 44-year-old man with hemorrhoids may be at risk for localized mucous membrane injuries related to his condition, but it is not as systemic or pervasive as the issues related to diabetes in the elderly patient. Understanding the specific risk factors associated with different medical conditions is crucial in providing effective care for patients, especially those with complex health needs like a paraplegic individual. By recognizing the heightened risk in certain patient populations, healthcare providers can implement preventive measures to minimize the occurrence of skin and mucous membrane injuries in these vulnerable individuals.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) producing blood cells. The skeletal system plays a crucial role in producing blood cells, specifically in the bone marrow. This process is known as hematopoiesis and is essential for the body's overall health and function. Blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are vital for transporting oxygen, fighting infections, and maintaining proper clotting mechanisms. Option A) supporting soft tissues of the body is important for structural support and movement but is not directly related to the production of blood cells. Option B) protecting delicate body structures refers to the skeletal system's role in providing protection to vital organs but does not address the function of blood cell production. Option C) providing storage area for fats pertains to the role of bones in fat storage but does not directly relate to blood cell production. In an educational context, understanding the functions of the skeletal system, including blood cell production, is crucial for healthcare providers caring for patients with various conditions, such as paraplegia. Knowledge of how the skeletal system supports overall health and function can help in providing comprehensive care and addressing potential complications related to blood cell production. By grasping the interconnections between different body systems, healthcare professionals can better appreciate the holistic nature of patient care.