What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. This type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract because it contains cilia that help sweep mucus and debris out of the airways. It appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells with varying heights, giving it a pseudostratified appearance. Simple squamous epithelium (choice A) is too thin for the respiratory tract, simple columnar epithelium (choice B) lacks cilia for mucus clearance, and stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (choice C) is not a valid type of epithelium.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: septal cells. Type 2 alveolar cells are also known as septal cells because they are located in the alveolar septa. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting surfactant, a substance that helps reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing. Choice B, petal cells, is incorrect because there is no such term used to describe these cells. Choice C, Surfactant, is incorrect because surfactant is the substance produced by type 2 alveolar cells, not the name of the cells themselves. Choice D, respiratory cell, is incorrect because it is a vague term that does not specifically refer to type 2 alveolar cells.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: - Answer C is correct because antibiotics should only be prescribed for bacterial infections, not viral ones like acute bronchitis. - Step 1: Recognize acute bronchitis is commonly caused by viruses, not bacteria. - Step 2: Understand that unnecessary antibiotic use contributes to antibiotic resistance. - Step 3: Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when a bacterial infection is confirmed through sputum culture. Summary: - Answer A is incorrect as antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for acute bronchitis. - Answer B is incorrect as it correctly states antibiotics do not treat viral conditions. - Answer D is incorrect as antibiotics do not inhibit the body's inflammatory response but target bacterial growth.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by catalyzing the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This process is crucial in regulating pH levels in various bodily fluids. A: Breakdown of carbohydrates - This is not the primary function of carbonic anhydrase. Carbohydrate breakdown is primarily carried out by enzymes like amylase and sucrase. B: Regulation of blood sugar levels - Carbonic anhydrase does not play a direct role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon. C: Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs - While carbonic anhydrase indirectly affects gas exchange by regulating blood pH, its primary function is not to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because red meat is high in saturated fat which can worsen coronary artery disease. Eating it more often contradicts the TLC diet's aim to reduce saturated fat intake. Choice A is correct as walnuts are heart-healthy. Choice B is correct as switching to skim milk reduces saturated fat. Choice C is incorrect as alcohol should be consumed in moderation, not daily.