What type of dystocia occurs when the fetal head is unable to navigate through the pelvis?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: pelvic dystocia. Pelvic dystocia occurs when the fetal head is unable to navigate through the pelvis due to its size, shape, or orientation. This can lead to prolonged labor and potential complications during delivery. Uterine dystocia (A) refers to abnormalities in uterine contractions, fetal dystocia (B) pertains to issues with the fetus itself, and contraction dystocia (D) involves problems with the strength or coordination of uterine contractions. Pelvic dystocia specifically addresses the anatomical mismatch between the fetal head and maternal pelvis, making it the correct choice in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assess deep tendon reflexes for hyperreflexia. This is crucial in preeclampsia to monitor for signs of worsening condition like eclampsia. Hyperreflexia is a common symptom in severe preeclampsia indicating CNS irritability. Providing IV fluid boluses (B) can worsen fluid overload. Educating that preeclampsia is only a concern for pregnancy (C) is incorrect as it can progress during labor. Discouraging pain medication (D) is inappropriate as it can mask symptoms like headaches, a common sign of worsening preeclampsia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: prolapsed cord. In a footling breech presentation, the feet or legs of the fetus are positioned to deliver first, increasing the risk of the umbilical cord slipping down before the fetus during labor, leading to a prolapsed cord. This is a serious emergency as it can compromise fetal blood flow and oxygen supply. Choice B: Oligohydramnios is a decreased level of amniotic fluid and is not directly related to a footling breech presentation. Choice C: Low biophysical profile score indicates fetal well-being based on specific parameters and is not a direct complication of a footling breech presentation. Choice D: Meconium-stained fluid can occur due to fetal distress but is not specific to a footling breech presentation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Maternal hypertension can lead to decreased blood flow to the placenta, resulting in restricted growth and low birth weight in the baby. This association is well-documented in research and clinical practice. Low birth weight is a common consequence of maternal hypertension due to inadequate nutrient and oxygen supply to the fetus. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are not directly associated with maternal hypertension. Anorexia is a psychological disorder related to eating habits, macrosomia refers to excessive birth weight, and symphysis pubis dysfunction is a musculoskeletal issue during pregnancy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: cord prolapse. In multiple gestation, there is a higher chance of cord prolapse due to the presence of more than one fetus in the uterus. This can lead to fetal distress and necessitate an emergency cesarean delivery to prevent complications. The other choices are incorrect because increased pain in labor, inability to push, and twins in cephalic-cephalic presentation are not direct risk factors for cesarean delivery in the context of multiple gestation.