What type of antibodies predominate in the secondary immune response?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgG. In the secondary immune response, IgG antibodies predominate due to memory B cells rapidly producing them upon re-exposure to the same antigen. IgG provides long-lasting immunity and is more efficient in neutralizing pathogens. IgM (A) is the primary antibody in the initial immune response. IgE (B) is involved in allergic reactions. IgD (D) functions as a receptor on B cells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Multiple sclerosis. Type IV hypersensitivity involves T cell-mediated immune reactions, leading to tissue damage. In multiple sclerosis, myelin sheath destruction is caused by activated T cells attacking self-antigens. Incorrect choices: B: Grave's disease is an example of Type II hypersensitivity involving autoantibodies targeting specific cells. C: Anaphylaxis is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibodies causing rapid and severe allergic reactions. D: Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition involving complex immune mechanisms not specific to Type IV hypersensitivity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Antibody binding to cell surface antigens, triggering complement activation or phagocytosis. In Type II hypersensitivity, antibodies bind to antigens on host cells, leading to complement activation or phagocytosis by immune cells. This results in cell damage or destruction. Immune complex deposition (A) is more characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity. Mast cell degranulation (C) is seen in Type I hypersensitivity. T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (D) is associated with Type IV hypersensitivity, not Type II. Therefore, choice B is the most accurate mechanism of tissue damage in Type II hypersensitivity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Granuloma formation is characterized by the persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens. Initially, macrophages attempt to phagocytose the antigen but fail to digest it completely, leading to the formation of a granuloma. This process is a protective mechanism to isolate the antigen and prevent its spread. IgE-mediated mast cell activation (choice A) is associated with allergic reactions, not granuloma formation. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues (choice C) is linked to immune complex-mediated diseases, not granuloma formation. Complement-mediated cell lysis (choice D) involves the destruction of target cells by the complement system, which is not directly related to granuloma formation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. If the client states they don't need to go to the hospital after using the epinephrine autoinjector, additional instruction is needed. The rationale is that after using an epinephrine autoinjector, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately due to the potential for severe allergic reactions. Choice B is incorrect because carrying two autoinjectors is recommended in case the first dose is not effective. Choice C is incorrect as it demonstrates good practice in tracking the expiration date. Choice D is incorrect as it is acceptable to inject through clothes in an emergency situation.