What therapeutic interventions will Sarah's parents need to include to support her with her cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis? Select one that doesn't apply.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B) Providing a low-fat, low carbohydrate diet. In the case of cystic fibrosis (CF), the body has difficulty digesting and absorbing fats. Therefore, a high-fat diet is recommended to help with better absorption of nutrients. A high-protein, high-fat, high-calorie diet (option A) is beneficial for individuals with CF as it helps in meeting their increased energy needs and maintaining a healthy body weight. Option C, providing additional calcium, salt, iron, and zinc in the diet, is also important in managing CF as individuals with this condition may have difficulties absorbing these nutrients due to pancreatic insufficiency. Ensuring adequate intake can help prevent deficiencies. Encouraging exercise (option D) is crucial for individuals with CF as it helps improve lung function, overall physical health, and quality of life. Regular physical activity can help in clearing mucus from the lungs and maintaining cardiovascular health. Option B, providing a low-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, is not appropriate for individuals with CF as they need higher amounts of fat and calories to support their nutritional needs. Restricting fats and carbohydrates can lead to inadequate calorie intake, which is detrimental for individuals with CF who require extra energy to manage their condition. In an educational context, understanding the specific nutritional needs of individuals with CF is crucial for healthcare professionals and caregivers to provide optimal care and support. By ensuring a well-balanced diet tailored to the individual's needs, along with appropriate exercise and nutrient supplementation, the overall health and well-being of individuals with CF can be better managed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Haemophilia B, there is a deficiency of clotting factor IX. The correct answer is option D. Clotting factor IX is also known as Christmas factor and is essential for the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Option A, IV, is not the correct answer because factor IV is not typically associated with clotting factors related to hemophilia. Option B, VII, is incorrect because factor VII is not deficient in Haemophilia B but rather in another type of hemophilia known as Hemophilia A. Option C, VIII, is also incorrect because factor VIII deficiency is associated with Hemophilia A, not Haemophilia B. Educationally, understanding the specific clotting factor deficiencies in different types of hemophilia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with these conditions. Recognizing the correct clotting factor deficiency helps in appropriate treatment, monitoring for complications, and providing effective patient education regarding clotting factor replacement therapy and bleeding precautions. This knowledge is essential for delivering safe and effective care to pediatric patients with hemophilia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a viral respiratory infection that affects the larynx, trachea, and bronchi in children. The appropriate treatments for croup focus on managing airway inflammation and symptoms. In this context, the correct answer, option A, broad-spectrum antibiotics, is not typically indicated for croup because it is primarily caused by viruses, not bacteria. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections like croup. Option B, corticosteroids, are appropriate in the treatment of croup as they help reduce airway inflammation, swelling, and improve breathing. Corticosteroids are considered a mainstay in managing moderate to severe croup cases. Option C, inhaled racemic epinephrine, is used in severe croup cases to reduce airway swelling and can provide rapid relief of symptoms. It is indicated for cases where there is significant respiratory distress. Option D, humidified oxygen, is also an appropriate treatment for croup to ensure adequate oxygenation. Humidified oxygen can help soothe the airway and improve breathing in children with croup. Educational Context: Understanding the appropriate treatments for pediatric respiratory conditions like croup is crucial for nurses caring for children with these conditions. It is important to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections to provide targeted and effective treatment. By knowing the right interventions, nurses can help manage symptoms, improve outcomes, and provide safe and evidence-based care to pediatric patients with respiratory illnesses.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) It can provide early detection of certain congenital diseases. The APGAR scoring system is a quick assessment tool used to evaluate a newborn's overall condition immediately after birth. It focuses on five areas: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. The purpose of the APGAR score is to assess the newborn's ability to adapt to extra-uterine life, not to detect congenital diseases. Option A is incorrect because APGAR scoring was indeed formulated by Virginia Apgar, a pioneering American obstetrical anesthesiologist. Option B is incorrect as it accurately reflects the main purpose of APGAR scoring, which is to evaluate the newborn's transition to the new environment. Option D is also incorrect as the APGAR score is typically done at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth to assess the newborn's condition and response to initial interventions. Understanding the significance of the APGAR scoring system is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals working in neonatal care. It helps in quickly identifying newborns who may need immediate medical attention and interventions to ensure a smooth transition to extra-uterine life. By knowing the correct purpose and timing of APGAR scoring, healthcare providers can provide timely and appropriate care to newborns, ultimately improving their outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Use "make believe" and "pretend to" play. Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines that during the preschool years, children engage in symbolic play, which involves using objects to represent other objects and engaging in pretend play scenarios. This type of play demonstrates the child's ability to think symbolically and represent things that are not physically present. Option A) Can distinguish goals from means of attaining it, while an important cognitive skill, is more characteristic of the concrete operational stage of development, which typically occurs around 7-11 years of age according to Piaget. Preschoolers are still in the preoperational stage and may struggle with this level of abstract thinking. Option B) Associates word with objects is more aligned with the early stages of language development and vocabulary acquisition, which is important for cognitive development but not the primary focus of the preschool years in Piaget's theory. Option C) Solves concrete problems is more reflective of the concrete operational stage as well, where children can engage in logical thinking about tangible objects and situations. Preschoolers are more focused on symbolic play and imaginative exploration rather than concrete problem-solving. In an educational context, understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development is crucial for nurses working with pediatric populations. By recognizing the cognitive abilities of preschoolers, nurses can tailor their communication, play therapy interventions, and educational strategies to support and enhance children's cognitive growth and development during this crucial stage.