What surgical treatment options are available for the treatment of calculi that are large or complicated by obstruction, ongoing UTI, kidney damage, or constant bleeding?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): 1. Large or complicated calculi can lead to serious complications like kidney damage or constant bleeding. 2. Asking the client to recollect urine afresh allows for accurate testing to guide appropriate treatment. 3. Surgical treatments may be necessary but are not the immediate priority in this scenario. 4. Urgent intervention is needed to address the complications associated with the calculi. 5. Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying issues are crucial before considering surgical options. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: Describing treatment options for renal cancer is irrelevant to the question about calculi management. B: High priority nursing diagnoses for chronic glomerulonephritis do not address the immediate issue of large or complicated calculi. C: Options for vascular access with hemodialysis are unrelated to the surgical treatment of calculi complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because for uncomplicated cystitis, guidelines recommend a 10 to 14-day course of ciprofloxacin to ensure bacterial eradication and prevent recurrence. A 3-day course may lead to treatment failure and the development of antibiotic resistance. Choice B is incorrect as a 3-day course is inadequate. Choice C is incorrect as patient adherence doesn't justify a shorter course. Choice D is irrelevant as it pertains to nosocomial infections, not outpatient cystitis treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute Pain. The priority nursing diagnosis for a patient passing stones into the lower urinary tract is acute pain because the patient is likely experiencing severe discomfort due to the passage of stones. Managing pain is crucial for the patient's comfort and well-being. Choice B: Risk for Infection is not the priority at this time because the immediate concern is addressing the patient's acute pain. Choice C: Risk for Injury is not the priority as the patient is not at immediate risk of injury related to passing stones. Choice D: Fear of Recurrent Stones is not the priority as the patient's current focus should be on managing the acute pain.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because palpating an empty bladder at the level of the symphysis pubis is a standard step in assessing the urinary system. This helps determine the size, shape, and tenderness of the bladder. Auscultating for fluid sounds in the lower abdominal quadrants (choice A) is incorrect as this is done to assess bowel sounds, not the urinary system. Percussing the kidney (choice C) is not a common practice as it may cause harm. Positioning the patient prone to palpate the kidneys (choice D) is incorrect as the kidneys are typically palpated with a posterior approach while the patient is in a supine or side-lying position.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because obtaining a clean-catch midstream urine specimen for culture and sensitivity is essential to confirm the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI) and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. This method helps to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Choice B is incorrect as waiting for the development of severe symptoms like fever, chills, and flank pain can lead to complications and delayed treatment. Choice C is incorrect because empirical treatment without confirming the specific bacteria and their sensitivity can lead to inappropriate antibiotic use and potential antibiotic resistance. Choice D is incorrect as a blood specimen for CBC and kidney function tests is not the primary intervention for a suspected UTI.