ATI RN
Immune System Quizlet Questions
Question 1 of 5
What stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and the immune system, understanding the regulation of aldosterone secretion is crucial as it plays a vital role in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation. In this question, the correct answer is D) Decreased sodium and water. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to various stimuli, primarily the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). When there is a decrease in sodium and water levels in the body, such as in cases of dehydration or blood loss, aldosterone is released to promote the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys. This helps to increase blood volume and maintain blood pressure. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) Excessive water intake: This would lead to a decrease in aldosterone secretion as there is no need to conserve sodium and water when there is an excess of water in the body. B) Increased serum osmolality: High osmolality would typically trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to retain water, not aldosterone. C) Decreased serum potassium: Low potassium levels may stimulate aldosterone secretion, but the primary trigger for aldosterone release is the need to retain sodium and water. Understanding the regulation of aldosterone secretion is essential for healthcare professionals, especially in conditions like hypertension or electrolyte imbalances. By grasping the intricacies of hormone regulation, pharmacology students can better comprehend how drugs targeting these pathways can impact patient outcomes. This knowledge is foundational for prescribing medications that modulate aldosterone levels effectively.
Question 2 of 5
The nurse is reviewing a patient’s morning laboratory results. Which result is of greatest concern?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A) Serum Na+ of 150 mEq/L. A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates hypernatremia, which can be a serious condition with potentially life-threatening consequences. Hypernatremia can lead to neurological symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, making it a critical concern for the nurse to address promptly. Option B) Serum Mg2+ of 1.1 mEq/L is low but not as immediately concerning as hypernatremia. Hypomagnesemia can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures, but it does not pose the same acute risks as hypernatremia. Option C) Serum PO43– of 4.5 mg/dL is within the normal range and does not indicate an urgent issue. Abnormal phosphate levels are more likely to cause long-term complications rather than immediate danger. Option D) Serum Ca2+ (total) of 8.6 mg/dL is also within the normal range and would not be the most concerning result to address first. Hypocalcemia can cause muscle spasms and tetany but is not as acutely dangerous as hypernatremia. In an educational context, understanding the significance of abnormal laboratory values is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective patient care. Prioritizing critical results like hypernatremia can help prevent serious complications and ensure timely interventions to promote patient well-being.
Question 3 of 5
All of the following are true with respect to IgM antibodies EXCEPT which one
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. IgM antibodies do not mediate allergic reactions. IgE antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions. IgM antibodies fix complement, occur on the surface of lymphocytes, and predominate in the primary response to antigens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, playing a key role in the activation of the complement system. IgM antibodies are mainly found in the blood and lymphatic system, not on the surface of lymphocytes. IgE antibodies are the primary mediators of allergic reactions by triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory molecules.
Question 4 of 5
The major immunoglobulin family to which a particular immunoglobulin belongs can be determined by sequential analysis of the 110 amino acids beginning from the
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amino terminus of the heavy chain. This is because the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulins is determined by the heavy chain, making it crucial for identifying the immunoglobulin family. The heavy chain contains the variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) regions essential for classifying immunoglobulins. Analyzing the amino terminus of the heavy chain allows for the identification of these regions, which are unique to each immunoglobulin class. The other choices are incorrect because the light chain does not contain the necessary regions for determining the immunoglobulin family, making the amino terminus of the heavy chain the key starting point for analysis.
Question 5 of 5
A patient has come to the ambulatory care clinic with a sprain. The nurse correctly differentiates a grade 2 sprain from a grade 3 sprain with the assessment of which finding?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Minor loss of function. A grade 2 sprain involves partial tearing of the ligament, leading to moderate pain, swelling, and a significant loss of function. In contrast, a grade 3 sprain involves complete tearing of the ligament, resulting in severe pain, significant swelling, and major loss of function. By assessing for minor loss of function, the nurse can differentiate between the two grades of sprains. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not specifically differentiate between a grade 2 and grade 3 sprain based on the level of functional impairment.