What statement by Mr. Ross indicates postural drainage has been effective?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) ‘I have been bringing up lots of sputum when I cough.’ This statement indicates that postural drainage, a technique used to help mobilize secretions in the lungs, has been effective. When a patient is able to bring up lots of sputum, it suggests that the technique is helping to clear the airways and improve respiratory function. Option A) ‘I have been able to eat a little better during the past week.’ is not directly related to the effectiveness of postural drainage. Improved eating habits may be influenced by various factors, not just the effectiveness of this particular treatment. Option B) ‘I have not gained any during the past week.’ is also not indicative of the effectiveness of postural drainage. Weight gain or loss can be influenced by a variety of factors, including diet, exercise, and overall health status. Option C) ‘I have not been able to sleep very well at night.’ is more related to sleep patterns and could be influenced by factors such as stress, pain, or environmental factors. It is not a direct indicator of the effectiveness of postural drainage. In an educational context, understanding how to interpret patient statements and link them to the effectiveness of specific treatments is crucial for healthcare providers. This question underscores the importance of assessing patient responses to interventions and recognizing indicators of treatment efficacy in the clinical setting.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the body's defense mechanisms is crucial. The correct answer, option C - Skin and mucous membranes, represents a mechanical defense in a client. These physical barriers act as the first line of defense against pathogens by preventing their entry into the body. The skin provides a protective barrier, while mucous membranes in areas like the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts trap and expel foreign particles. Option A, enzymes, are biochemical defenses that catalyze chemical reactions in the body and are not considered mechanical defenses. Option B, antibodies, are part of the immune system's specific defense mechanism and target specific pathogens, not mechanical barriers like skin and mucous membranes. Option D, secretions, can include substances like sweat and saliva, which can have antimicrobial properties but are not considered mechanical defenses. Educationally, understanding the body's defense mechanisms helps healthcare professionals appreciate the complexity of the human body's innate ability to protect itself from harm. This knowledge is essential in pharmacology to understand how medications may interact with these defense mechanisms and how to support the body in fighting off infections and diseases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and intravenous fluid therapy, understanding the different types of solutions and their effects on the body is crucial. The correct answer to the question is B) Hypertonic fluid. Hypertonic fluids have a higher concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular and interstitial spaces. When administered intravenously, hypertonic fluids draw fluid from these more dilute areas into the intravascular compartment by osmosis, helping to expand the intravascular volume. Now, let's explain why the other options are incorrect: A) Isotonic fluid: Isotonic fluids have a similar concentration of solutes to the intracellular and interstitial spaces. They do not cause a significant shift of fluid into the intravascular compartment. C) Hypotonic fluid: Hypotonic fluids have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular and interstitial spaces. When administered, they can cause fluid to shift out of the intravascular compartment, potentially leading to cellular swelling. D) Colloid fluid: Colloid fluids contain large molecules that remain within the intravascular space and exert oncotic pressure to help retain fluid within the vessels. They do not draw fluid from dilute areas into the intravascular compartment like hypertonic fluids. In an educational context, understanding the tonicity of intravenous fluids is essential for nurses and healthcare providers when selecting the appropriate fluid therapy for patients based on their clinical condition and fluid status. Choosing the correct type of fluid can help maintain or restore fluid balance and support optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology and medical-surgical nursing, understanding IV therapy and the safe administration of intravenous medications is crucial. The correct answer to the question is B) 72 hours. IV tubing should be changed every 72 hours to prevent the risk of infection and maintain the integrity of the infusion system. Option A) 34 hours is incorrect as it is too short a duration for IV tubing use. Option C) 25 hours is also too short and does not align with standard practice. Option D) 7 hours is too brief for IV tubing use and would not be practical in a clinical setting where continuous infusions are common. Educationally, it is essential for nurses to be aware of the recommended guidelines for IV therapy to ensure patient safety and prevent complications. Regularly changing IV tubing helps prevent microbial colonization, contamination, and blockages, which can lead to serious complications for patients. Nurses must be knowledgeable about these principles to provide high-quality care and maintain best practices in medication administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the immediate postoperative period, various factors can predispose a client to hypoxia. The correct answer is option A, "Pooling of secretions in the lungs." This is because, after surgery, patients are often less able to effectively clear secretions from their airways due to factors like anesthesia, reduced mobility, and altered respiratory mechanics. Pooling of secretions in the lungs can lead to impaired gas exchange and subsequent hypoxia. Option B, "Fluid and electrolyte loss," is not directly related to hypoxia unless it leads to severe dehydration or electrolyte imbalances that affect respiratory function. Option C, "Physical and psychological trauma," while important in the overall postoperative care, is not a direct cause of hypoxia unless it leads to respiratory compromise. Option D, "Increased mobility," is actually beneficial in preventing hypoxia by promoting lung expansion and ventilation. In an educational context, understanding the factors that contribute to postoperative hypoxia is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers. By recognizing these risk factors, healthcare professionals can implement appropriate interventions such as encouraging early mobilization, airway clearance techniques, and respiratory assessments to prevent or promptly address hypoxia in postoperative patients.