What statement accurately describes gene therapy?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gene therapy is a complex technique that involves introducing genetic material into a patient's cells to correct a genetic mutation or treat a disease. Option B, "Is a risky technique under study for genetic diseases with no cure," is the correct answer because gene therapy is still an experimental approach with potential risks and uncertainties, especially for genetic diseases that currently have no cure. This option highlights the investigational nature of gene therapy and the caution required in its application. Option A, "May activate a mutated gene that is functioning improperly," is incorrect because the goal of gene therapy is to correct or replace a mutated gene, not activate it further. Option C, "Is frequently done by replacing a healthy gene with a mutated gene," is incorrect because gene therapy aims to replace a mutated gene with a healthy one. Option D, "Introduces a new gene into reproductive cells to help fight a genetic disease," is incorrect as gene therapy is typically targeted at somatic cells rather than reproductive cells to treat genetic diseases in the individual, not to pass on genetic changes to future generations. In an educational context, understanding gene therapy is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in fields like pharmacology where knowledge of cutting-edge treatments is essential. By grasping the principles of gene therapy, pharmacology students can appreciate the potential benefits and limitations of this approach in treating genetic diseases, paving the way for informed clinical decision-making in the future.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) This demonstrates a type IV allergic reaction to chemicals used in the manufacture of latex gloves. Explanation: Type IV allergic reactions are delayed hypersensitivity reactions caused by exposure to chemicals in latex gloves, not the natural latex proteins themselves. These reactions typically manifest as contact dermatitis, characterized by redness, itching, and skin irritation. This response is not immediate like a type I allergic reaction, which is mediated by IgE antibodies and occurs rapidly upon exposure to allergens. Using powder-free gloves or applying hand cream will not prevent type IV allergic reactions since they are not related to the presence of powder or skin dryness but rather to the chemicals in the gloves. Educational context: Understanding the different types of allergic reactions is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially when dealing with common allergens like latex in healthcare settings. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions can help nurses and other healthcare providers take appropriate precautions to prevent adverse events and provide safe care to patients and themselves. It is important to educate healthcare workers on the proper selection of gloves and how to manage allergic reactions to protect both patients and staff from potential harm.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer includes options A, B, C, and E. The evolution of new infectious agents, inappropriate use of antibiotics, human encroachment into wilderness areas, and an increased number of immunosuppressed individuals contribute significantly to the rise in untreatable infections. Transmission from humans to animals is less relevant compared to zoonotic transmission from animals to humans.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Cytomegalovirus retinitis. This finding supports the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in an individual with HIV because cytomegalovirus retinitis is an opportunistic infection that typically occurs in individuals with severely compromised immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV/AIDS. Option A) Flu-like symptoms are non-specific and can be present in various conditions, not specific to AIDS. Option B) Oral hairy leukoplakia is often seen in individuals with HIV but is not a definitive indicator of AIDS. Option C) CD4+ T cells 200–500/µL is a low CD4 count, but the diagnosis of AIDS is typically based on a CD4 count below 200/µL or the presence of an AIDS-defining condition, like cytomegalovirus retinitis. Educationally, understanding the specific opportunistic infections associated with advanced HIV/AIDS is crucial for healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose and manage individuals with the disease. This knowledge helps in providing appropriate care and treatment to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with acute HIV infection who is not yet ready to start antiretroviral therapy is to teach the patient about immune enhancement (option D). This intervention is crucial in empowering the patient to take an active role in managing their health. Teaching the patient about immune enhancement can help them understand the importance of strengthening their immune system through strategies such as proper nutrition, exercise, stress management, and avoiding opportunistic infections. By educating the patient on these aspects, they can potentially slow the progression of the disease and improve their overall well-being. Option A, assisting with end-of-life issues, is not appropriate at this stage of the illness as the patient is not in a terminal phase. Option B, providing care during acute exacerbations, is more reactive and does not address the proactive approach of immune enhancement. Option C, providing physical care for chronic diseases, is not as relevant because the patient is currently in the acute phase of HIV infection. From an educational perspective, understanding the rationale behind immune enhancement empowers nurses to engage patients in self-care practices that can positively impact their health outcomes. It also highlights the importance of individualized care and patient education in managing chronic conditions like HIV.