What signs and symptoms are indicative of a urinary tract disorder in the infancy period (1-24 months)? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In infants (1-24 months), signs and symptoms of a urinary tract disorder can be subtle and challenging to identify. The correct answer is option A, which includes all the listed symptoms: poor feeding, hypothermia, and frequent urination. Poor feeding can be a sign of a urinary tract disorder due to associated discomfort or pain while feeding. Hypothermia can result from sepsis associated with a urinary tract infection. Frequent urination in infants may indicate irritation or infection in the urinary tract. Option B, poor feeding, is correct as explained above. Option C, hypothermia, is indicative of a systemic response to infection but may not always be present in urinary tract disorders. Option D, frequent urination, is a common symptom of urinary tract infections in older children but may not always be significant in infants. Educationally, it is crucial for nurses to be able to recognize these subtle signs in infants to provide early intervention. Understanding these symptoms helps in prompt diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract disorders in this vulnerable population, preventing complications like sepsis or renal damage. Nurses play a key role in advocating for infants who cannot verbalize their discomfort, making accurate assessment vital in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of hemodialysis, the correct answer is A) It is ready to be used immediately. A fistula is preferred over a graft or external access device because it can be used immediately after creation, unlike a graft which requires a maturation period. This immediate usability reduces the risk of infection and complications associated with temporary access devices. Option C) There is less restriction of activity with a fistula is incorrect because activity restriction is similar for fistulas, grafts, and external access devices during the healing and maturation periods. Option D) It produces dilation and thickening of the superficial vessels is incorrect because this statement is true for both fistulas and grafts, not a unique advantage of fistulas. Educationally, understanding the advantages of different access types for hemodialysis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients requiring this treatment. It ensures safe and effective care delivery by selecting the most appropriate access based on individual patient needs and characteristics. This knowledge also helps in educating patients and families about the rationale behind access selection, promoting their active involvement in care decisions and enhancing treatment outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of kidney transplant rejection in a child, hypotension is a key sign to recognize. This is because rejection leads to decreased kidney function, resulting in decreased blood flow, which can manifest as hypotension. Fever is a non-specific symptom that can occur with various conditions, not specific to transplant rejection. Swelling and tenderness in the graft area are more indicative of infection or surgical complications rather than rejection. Educationally, understanding the signs of kidney transplant rejection is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients post-transplant. Recognizing these signs promptly can lead to early intervention and improved outcomes for the child. Hypotension specifically is a critical sign to monitor closely as it can indicate a serious decline in kidney function. Nurses must be vigilant in assessing and monitoring these signs to provide optimal care for pediatric transplant recipients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of nursing care for children, understanding how to screen for carbohydrate malabsorption is crucial for effective patient care. The correct answer is A) Stool pH. Stool pH testing is used to screen for carbohydrate malabsorption because when carbohydrates are not properly absorbed in the intestines, they can ferment in the colon, leading to a decrease in stool pH. Option B) Urine ketones is incorrect because it is used to detect the presence of ketones in the urine, which is indicative of fat metabolism, not carbohydrate malabsorption. Option C) C urea breath test is used to detect the presence of H. pylori bacteria in the stomach, not for screening carbohydrate malabsorption. Option D) ELISA stool assay is a test used to detect specific proteins or antigens in stool samples, not specifically for screening carbohydrate malabsorption. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind each screening test helps nurses make informed clinical decisions and provide optimal care for pediatric patients. Knowing the correct screening tools for different conditions ensures timely and accurate diagnosis, leading to appropriate interventions and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) The location needs to be confirmed by radiographic examination. In the case of a suspected ingestion of a button battery by a toddler, prompt assessment is crucial to determine the exact location of the battery. Radiographic examination, such as an X-ray, is necessary to confirm the presence and location of the battery within the gastrointestinal tract. This information is vital for guiding further management and intervention. Option A, an emergency laparotomy, is not the initial course of action unless there are signs of severe complications like perforation or obstruction, which would be confirmed through imaging studies. Option C, stating that surgery will be necessary if the battery has not passed in the stool in 48 hours, is not accurate as the presence of the battery in the GI tract requires careful monitoring and intervention based on location and symptoms. Option D is incorrect as the ingestion of a button battery is detectable through radiographic imaging, and careful observation alone is not sufficient due to the potential life-threatening complications associated with battery ingestion. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of immediate assessment and appropriate diagnostic procedures in cases of suspected foreign body ingestion in pediatric patients. It emphasizes the significance of accurate and timely interventions based on diagnostic findings to prevent complications and ensure the child's safety and well-being.