What should the nurse instruct Mr. Ross to withhold food and fluid for several hours until after fiberoptic bronchoscopy?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of a fiberoptic bronchoscopy, it is crucial for the nurse to instruct the patient, Mr. Ross, to withhold food and fluid until after the procedure due to the risk of aspiration. The correct answer, option D, "Cough reflex is present," is the most important factor to consider before allowing Mr. Ross to resume oral intake. A functional cough reflex indicates that the gag reflex is intact, which helps protect the airway from aspiration of food or fluid during and after the bronchoscopy procedure. Option A, "Sputum returns to normal color and consistency," is not directly related to the risk of aspiration during the procedure, making it an incorrect choice. Option B, "Speech returns to the normal pattern," is also unrelated to the physiological readiness to resume oral intake post-bronchoscopy. Option C, "Vital signs become stable," while important, does not specifically address the risk of aspiration as effectively as having a functional cough reflex. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind withholding food and fluid in relation to the cough reflex and risk of aspiration during bronchoscopy is essential knowledge for nursing practice. Nurses must prioritize patient safety by ensuring that the patient's airway protection mechanisms are intact before allowing them to consume food or fluids to prevent potential complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding how different pain medications work is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Altering pain transmission at the level of the spinal cord. Morphine, an opioid analgesic, exerts its pain-relieving effects by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system, particularly in the spinal cord. By binding to these receptors, morphine inhibits the transmission of pain signals, ultimately reducing the perception of pain. Option B) Combining analgesics with adjuvant drugs refers to a multimodal approach to pain management involving the use of different classes of pain medications to target various pain pathways simultaneously. While this approach is valid, it is not specifically how morphine works. Option C) Blocking brain perception inaccurately describes morphine's mechanism of action. While morphine does affect the brain's processing of pain signals, its primary site of action is at the spinal cord level. Option D) Interrupting pain-transmitting chemicals at the site of injury is not an accurate description of how morphine works. Morphine primarily acts centrally within the nervous system rather than at the site of injury. Educationally, understanding the mechanism of action of pain medications like morphine is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective pain management to their patients. By grasping how medications work, nurses can make informed decisions, monitor for side effects, and advocate for appropriate pain relief strategies based on the individual needs of each patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the body's defense mechanisms is crucial. The correct answer, option C - Skin and mucous membranes, represents a mechanical defense in a client. These physical barriers act as the first line of defense against pathogens by preventing their entry into the body. The skin provides a protective barrier, while mucous membranes in areas like the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts trap and expel foreign particles. Option A, enzymes, are biochemical defenses that catalyze chemical reactions in the body and are not considered mechanical defenses. Option B, antibodies, are part of the immune system's specific defense mechanism and target specific pathogens, not mechanical barriers like skin and mucous membranes. Option D, secretions, can include substances like sweat and saliva, which can have antimicrobial properties but are not considered mechanical defenses. Educationally, understanding the body's defense mechanisms helps healthcare professionals appreciate the complexity of the human body's innate ability to protect itself from harm. This knowledge is essential in pharmacology to understand how medications may interact with these defense mechanisms and how to support the body in fighting off infections and diseases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and intravenous fluid therapy, understanding the different types of solutions and their effects on the body is crucial. The correct answer to the question is B) Hypertonic fluid. Hypertonic fluids have a higher concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular and interstitial spaces. When administered intravenously, hypertonic fluids draw fluid from these more dilute areas into the intravascular compartment by osmosis, helping to expand the intravascular volume. Now, let's explain why the other options are incorrect: A) Isotonic fluid: Isotonic fluids have a similar concentration of solutes to the intracellular and interstitial spaces. They do not cause a significant shift of fluid into the intravascular compartment. C) Hypotonic fluid: Hypotonic fluids have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular and interstitial spaces. When administered, they can cause fluid to shift out of the intravascular compartment, potentially leading to cellular swelling. D) Colloid fluid: Colloid fluids contain large molecules that remain within the intravascular space and exert oncotic pressure to help retain fluid within the vessels. They do not draw fluid from dilute areas into the intravascular compartment like hypertonic fluids. In an educational context, understanding the tonicity of intravenous fluids is essential for nurses and healthcare providers when selecting the appropriate fluid therapy for patients based on their clinical condition and fluid status. Choosing the correct type of fluid can help maintain or restore fluid balance and support optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology and medical-surgical nursing, understanding IV therapy and the safe administration of intravenous medications is crucial. The correct answer to the question is B) 72 hours. IV tubing should be changed every 72 hours to prevent the risk of infection and maintain the integrity of the infusion system. Option A) 34 hours is incorrect as it is too short a duration for IV tubing use. Option C) 25 hours is also too short and does not align with standard practice. Option D) 7 hours is too brief for IV tubing use and would not be practical in a clinical setting where continuous infusions are common. Educationally, it is essential for nurses to be aware of the recommended guidelines for IV therapy to ensure patient safety and prevent complications. Regularly changing IV tubing helps prevent microbial colonization, contamination, and blockages, which can lead to serious complications for patients. Nurses must be knowledgeable about these principles to provide high-quality care and maintain best practices in medication administration.