What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) for fight-or-flight responses, derived from neural crest cells. Neuroglial cells support neurons, follicle cells are thyroid-specific, and oxyphil cells are in parathyroids. Chromaffin cells' neuroendocrine role distinguishes them, key to rapid stress responses, contrasting with supportive or other glandular cells.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neural stimuli, like stress from a car accident, activate the adrenal medulla via sympathetic nerves, releasing epinephrine for pupil dilation, heart rate increase, and rapid breathing classic fight-or-flight. Humoral stimuli respond to blood changes (e.g., PTH to low Ca²⁺). Hormonal stimuli involve hormones triggering others (e.g., TSH for thyroid). Positive feedback amplifies (e.g., oxytocin in labor), not acute stress. Neural triggering distinguishes this rapid endocrine response, key to sympathetic-endocrine integration, unlike blood-based or cascading stimuli.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) involves excessive aldosterone from the adrenal cortex's zona glomerulosa, raising blood pressure via sodium retention and volume expansion. The pancreas regulates glucose (insulin/glucagon), not BP directly. The thymus produces thymosin for immunity, not hypertension-related hormones. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine/norepinephrine, causing acute BP spikes, not chronic aldosterone-driven hypertension. Adrenal cortex's aldosterone excess distinguishes it, key to this pathology, unlike metabolic, immune, or catecholamine sources.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyperthyroidism uses beta blockers (4) to manage symptoms (e.g., tachycardia); hypothyroidism requires levothyroxine (3) for hormone replacement; goiter may involve iron-rich drugs (2) if anemia-related, though iodine is typical; adrenal tumors (e.g., pheochromocytoma) use adrenal blockers (1) like alpha-blockers. The match 'a-4 b-3 c-2 d-1' aligns treatments to disorders, distinguishing therapeutic specificity, critical for endocrine management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Adrenal glands rest atop the kidneys, secreting cortisol, aldosterone, and epinephrine for stress, electrolyte balance, and fight-or-flight. The pituitary, brain-based, oversees hormones. The pancreas, abdominal, manages glucose. Ovaries, pelvic in females, produce sex hormones, not above kidneys. Adrenals' suprarenal position and diverse outputs distinguish them, essential for adrenal-renal interactions, unlike distant or unrelated glands.