What principle of correctional health care did the 1976 ruling in Estelle v. Gamble establish?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The 1976 ruling in Estelle v. Gamble established that incarcerated individuals have a constitutional right to receive adequate health care while in custody. This principle is reflected in choice D, which is the correct answer. The ruling emphasized the responsibility of correctional facilities to provide necessary medical care to ensure the well-being of inmates. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly align with the specific principle established in the Estelle v. Gamble case. Accreditation, health information privacy, and autonomy over health care decisions are important aspects of correctional health care but were not the primary focus of this particular ruling.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because administering medication for the treatment of hepatitis C falls under tertiary health promotion, which focuses on managing and treating long-term diseases to prevent complications. Teaching rescue inhaler use (A) is more related to secondary prevention. Advocating for low-sodium dietary options (C) and recommending physical therapy (D) are examples of primary prevention strategies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D (A and C). Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes separate randomly, leading to genetic variation in offspring. Recombination, or crossing over, also occurs during meiosis when genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, further increasing genetic diversity. Mutation (choice B) can occur in both sexual and asexual reproduction, so it is not specific to sexual reproduction. Choice D is correct because both independent assortment and recombination are unique mechanisms of genetic change in sexual reproduction, leading to genetic variation in offspring.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The genetic code is redundant because different codons can specify the same amino acid. This redundancy provides a buffer against mutations, ensuring that a change in a single nucleotide does not always result in a change in the amino acid being coded for. This redundancy allows for error correction during translation, increasing the robustness of the genetic code. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the redundancy in the genetic code is primarily for ensuring accuracy and reliability in protein synthesis, not for developing new amino acids or non-coding signals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because differential mRNA splicing involves removing introns and joining exons from a single primary RNA transcript to create various mRNA isoforms. This process allows for the production of multiple proteins from a single gene, increasing genetic diversity. Choice A is incorrect because mRNA splicing does not involve creating a backup copy of DNA. Choice C is incorrect as mRNA carries the genetic code to the ribosomes, not the cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect because ribosomes are not held together by mRNA splicing; they are composed of proteins and rRNA.