What pregnant person is at high risk for labor dystocia?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 41-year-old. Advanced maternal age increases the risk of labor dystocia due to reduced uterine muscle tone and coordination. Older individuals are more likely to experience prolonged labor or difficulty with fetal descent. Choice A (38-week gestation) is not a risk factor for labor dystocia. Prenatal anemia (Choice C) may lead to complications during pregnancy but is not directly linked to labor dystocia. Lack of prenatal care (Choice D) can increase the risk of complications but is not a specific risk factor for labor dystocia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: fetal growth restriction. Oligohydramnios refers to low levels of amniotic fluid, which can restrict fetal growth due to decreased cushioning and space for movement. This can lead to complications such as poor fetal nutrition, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Fetal macrosomia (A) is the opposite of fetal growth restriction, preterm labor (B) is not directly associated with oligohydramnios, and placenta previa (C) is a separate condition involving the placenta's position in the uterus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: postterm birth. Multiple gestation, such as twins or triplets, often leads to a higher risk of postterm birth due to the increased likelihood of preterm labor and delivery. This is because the uterus may become overdistended and unable to maintain the pregnancy to full term, resulting in postterm birth. Incorrect choices: A: Tachysystole is excessive uterine contractions, which is not directly related to multiple gestation. B: Postterm birth is already covered as the correct answer. D: Early decelerations are a common finding in labor but not specifically associated with multiple gestation complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: cephalohematoma. When using a vacuum extractor during childbirth, the device applies suction to the baby's head to assist with delivery. This suction can cause a collection of blood between the baby's skull and periosteum, resulting in a cephalohematoma. This complication is due to the pressure exerted on the baby's head during the extraction process. Cephalohematoma is a common side effect of vacuum extraction and typically resolves on its own. Face presentation and fetal growth restriction are not directly related to the use of a vacuum extractor. Scalp fracture is a rare but serious complication that can occur if excessive force is applied during vacuum extraction, leading to bone injury, which is different from the collection of blood in a cephalohematoma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: velamentous insertion. In this condition, the umbilical cord vessels branch before reaching the placenta, making them vulnerable to compression and rupture. Placenta previa (A) refers to the placenta covering the cervix, not cord insertion. Placenta cervix (B) is not a recognized term. Vasa previa (D) is when fetal vessels traverse the fetal membranes overlying the cervix, not related to branching of umbilical cord vessels before insertion into the placenta.