What physical changes are more persistent and commonly experienced during menopause?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In menopause, the correct answer is B) variable hot flushes and sleep difficulties. This is because hot flushes, also known as hot flashes, and sleep disturbances are two of the most persistent and commonly experienced physical changes during menopause. Hot flushes result from hormonal fluctuations, leading to sudden feelings of warmth, sweating, and flushing of the skin. Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or night sweats, are often related to hormonal imbalances and can significantly impact a woman's quality of life during menopause. Option A) secondary sex characteristics and growth spurt is incorrect because these changes occur during puberty, not menopause. Menopause marks the end of the reproductive years, characterized by the cessation of menstruation and hormonal shifts, rather than the development of secondary sex characteristics. Option C) thinning of skin and loss or dryness of hair is incorrect because while changes in skin and hair quality can occur during menopause due to hormonal changes, they are not as consistently experienced or as defining as hot flushes and sleep disturbances. Option D) irregular menstruation for a few years after menarche transition is incorrect because menarche refers to the onset of menstruation, not menopause. Irregular menstruation is a common occurrence during perimenopause, the transitional period leading to menopause, but it is not a persistent symptom experienced after menopause has been reached. Understanding the physical changes associated with menopause is crucial for nurses caring for women during this life stage. By recognizing common symptoms like hot flushes and sleep disturbances, nurses can provide appropriate education, support, and symptom management strategies to help women navigate this significant transition in their lives.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the assessment step of the nursing process, two steps of the CJMM (Clinical Judgment Model) that are included are noticing cues and evaluating outcomes. Noticing cues involves observing and recognizing relevant information or data related to the patient's health status, while evaluating outcomes involves assessing the effectiveness of the nursing interventions and patient responses to the care provided. By noticing cues, nurses gather information that guides their decision-making process, and by evaluating outcomes, they determine the impact of their actions on the patient's health and adjust the plan of care as needed. These two steps are essential in the assessment phase as they contribute to developing a comprehensive understanding of the patient's needs and progress towards achieving desired health outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The endometrium layer thickens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase occurs after ovulation and is characterized by the endometrium preparing for possible implantation of a fertilized egg by further thickening and becoming more vascularized. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened endometrial lining will be shed during menstruation. The secretory phase is under the control of the hormone progesterone, which is produced by the corpus luteum formed in the ovary after ovulation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the case of placenta previa, the correct finding the nurse should expect to note is bright red vaginal bleeding (Option C). This is because placenta previa involves the abnormal implantation of the placenta over or near the cervical os, which can lead to bleeding as the cervix begins to dilate in preparation for labor. This bleeding is typically painless and can be sudden and profuse. The other options are incorrect for the following reasons: A) Uterine rigidity: Uterine rigidity is not typically associated with placenta previa. It is more commonly seen in conditions like placental abruption. B) Severe abdominal pain: Severe abdominal pain is not a typical finding in placenta previa. It is more commonly associated with conditions like placental abruption or uterine rupture. D) Soft, relaxed, nontender uterus: In placenta previa, the uterus is typically soft, relaxed, and nontender. Uterine rigidity or tenderness would be more indicative of other complications. Educational context: Understanding the signs and symptoms of placenta previa is crucial for nurses caring for pregnant women. Recognizing these symptoms promptly can lead to early intervention and management, which is vital in ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Nurses need to be able to differentiate between placenta previa and other obstetric emergencies to provide appropriate care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer to the question, "The nurse is preparing a client for a nonstress test. What instruction is most appropriate?" is option C: "You will need to press a button each time you feel the baby move." This instruction is correct because during a nonstress test, the purpose is to monitor the baby's heart rate in response to its own movements. The mother is provided with a button to press when she feels the baby move, which allows the healthcare provider to correlate the fetal movements with changes in the baby's heart rate. This helps in assessing the baby's well-being and determining if there are any signs of distress. Option A, "You need to fast for 12 hours before the test," is incorrect because fasting is not required for a nonstress test. It is a non-invasive procedure that does not necessitate fasting. Option B, "You will be given medication to stimulate fetal movements," is incorrect because a nonstress test is designed to monitor the baby's own movements naturally, without the need for any external stimulation. Option D, "You must lie flat on your back during the test," is incorrect because during a nonstress test, the mother is usually in a comfortable position, such as reclining in a chair or on a bed, to promote fetal movement and maternal comfort. In an educational context, understanding the correct instructions for a nonstress test is crucial for nursing students and healthcare professionals working in maternal newborn care. It is essential to know the purpose of the test, the correct procedure to follow, and how to educate and support the mother undergoing the test to ensure accurate results and optimal maternal-fetal outcomes.