What newborn complication does type 1 diabetes mellitus cause?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: group B strep. Women with type 1 diabetes are at higher risk of developing infections, including group B strep, which can be passed to the newborn during childbirth. This can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in the newborn. Hyperglycemia (choice A) is a common complication of maternal diabetes but is not specific to type 1 diabetes. Fetal macrosomia (choice B) is a condition where the baby is larger than average, which can be a complication of diabetes but not specific to type 1. Cyanosis (choice D) refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen and is not directly related to type 1 diabetes complications in newborns.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes can lead to larger fetal size, increasing the risk of shoulder dystocia. It is a known risk factor that healthcare providers consider when assessing the likelihood of shoulder dystocia. Estimated birth weight alone (A) may not accurately predict shoulder dystocia. While previous shoulder dystocia (C) is a risk factor, it is not a predictor as it is based on past occurrences. Hypertension (D) is not directly associated with an increased risk of shoulder dystocia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: increased risk of fetal distress. Prolonged second stage labor can lead to decreased oxygen supply to the fetus, causing fetal distress. This can result in adverse outcomes for the baby. Other options are incorrect because prolonged second stage labor is actually associated with an increased risk of instrumental delivery (A), an increased risk of cesarean birth (B), and not rapid delivery (D) as it is a prolonged process.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (500 mL) for defining postpartum hemorrhage. This amount is used as the threshold because it represents a significant loss that may lead to maternal complications. Excessive bleeding after childbirth can quickly become life-threatening, so it is crucial to define postpartum hemorrhage accurately. Choices A (250 mL), C (750 mL), and D (1,000 mL) are incorrect as they do not align with the standard definition of postpartum hemorrhage, which is typically considered when blood loss exceeds 500 mL.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is B: alteration in oxygenation. Restlessness, cyanosis, nasal flaring, orthopnea, and the use of accessory muscles are all classic signs of respiratory distress, indicating a problem with oxygenation. Liver failure (A) would typically present with jaundice, ascites, and coagulopathy, not respiratory symptoms. Preterm delivery (C) is related to early labor signs, such as contractions and cervical changes. Gestational diabetes (D) would manifest with symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue, not respiratory distress.