What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for causing constriction of the pupil. When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors in the eye muscles, it triggers the muscles to contract, leading to pupil constriction. Norepinephrine (choice A) and epinephrine (choice C) are both involved in the fight-or-flight response and dilate the pupils. Serotonin (choice D) does not directly affect pupil constriction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative stain. Negative staining technique uses acidic stains which are repelled by the capsule of cryptococcus, making it visible as a clear halo around the stained cell. Gram stain (A) is used for bacterial cell wall visualization, simple stain (B) colors all cells uniformly, and fluorescent stain (D) requires a fluorescent microscope and specific dyes. Negative stain is the most effective method for visualizing cryptococcus capsules due to its unique structure and composition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the peripheral nerves carry sensory input to the central nervous system by afferent fibers and motor commands away from the central nervous system by efferent fibers. This is known as the afferent-efferent division of the peripheral nervous system. Choice A is incorrect because cranial nerves (CNs) enter the brain directly, not through the spinal cord. Choice B is incorrect because efferent fibers carry motor commands away from the central nervous system, not sensory input. Choice C is incorrect because peripheral nerves are outside the central nervous system and do not carry impulses through motor fibers; instead, they carry motor commands through efferent fibers.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B Rationale: 1. Expecting the patient to feed himself/herself after explaining the arrangement of the food on the tray promotes independence and autonomy. 2. It respects the patient's capabilities and encourages self-reliance, which is important for rehabilitation in functional neurological disorders. 3. Providing clear instructions can help the patient navigate the task despite the blindness, fostering a sense of accomplishment. 4. This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles, prioritizing the patient's dignity and self-care abilities. Summary of other choices: A. Establishing a buddy system may not address the patient's need for independence and could potentially undermine their self-esteem. C. Directing the patient to locate items independently may not be practical or safe given the blindness, and it may lead to frustration. D. Neglecting the patient's needs in favor of others is not in line with providing individualized care and could compromise patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Body dysmorphic disorder. This individual's distorted belief about their appearance despite no actual disfigurement aligns with the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. People with this disorder obsess over perceived flaws in their appearance. Incorrect choices: A: Dissociative identity disorder involves multiple distinct personality states, not related to body image. C: Pseudocyesis is a false belief of being pregnant, unrelated to body image. D: Malingering involves feigning symptoms for external gain, not related to distorted body image perceptions.