What neurotransmitter is implicated in the neurobiology of schizophrenia?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: glutamate. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Research has shown abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission in individuals with schizophrenia, including NMDA receptor hypofunction. GABA (A) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is not directly implicated in schizophrenia. Norepinephrine (C) and acetylcholine (D) are not the primary neurotransmitters associated with schizophrenia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The importance of using therapeutic communication was stressed by Nightingale. Florence Nightingale, considered the founder of modern nursing, emphasized the significance of therapeutic communication in nursing practice. Nightingale's focus was on creating an environment conducive to healing through effective communication with patients. Explanation: Nightingale's emphasis on therapeutic communication laid the foundation for psychiatric-mental health nursing. Incorrect Answers: B: The use of self-care to enhance the immune system was taught by Dorothea Dix. Dorothea Dix was a mental health advocate, not known for teaching self-care to enhance the immune system. C: The moral treatment of mental illness was a primary focus of deinstitutionalization. Deinstitutionalization aimed to shift care from mental hospitals to community-based settings, not primarily focusing on moral treatment. D: Peplau was the first nurse to stress the importance of therapeutic communication. While Peplau made significant contributions to psychiatric nursing, Night

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: In the pre-interaction phase, because the student is likely to be suspicious of psychiatric clients. During the pre-interaction phase, the nurse forms initial impressions and feelings about the client. The nursing student's fears related to the first clinical experience in a psychiatric setting are likely to manifest in this phase as they may have misconceptions or stereotypes about psychiatric clients, leading to feelings of fear or suspicion. This phase sets the tone for the interaction and can influence the student's approach and behavior during the clinical experience. Summary of other choices: B: In the orientation phase, the focus is on establishing trust and clarifying roles, not on the student's fears. C: In the working phase, the student should be actively engaging in therapeutic interventions, not focused on past experiences. D: In the termination phase, the student should be reflecting on the outcomes of the therapeutic relationship, not on fears about their ability to make a difference.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: The statement "I need to be careful because the drug can make me sleepy" demonstrates understanding of a common side effect of imipramine, which is sedation. This shows that the patient comprehends the need to be cautious while taking the medication to prevent accidents or injuries due to drowsiness. Incorrect Choices: B: This statement is incorrect because imipramine can cause orthostatic hypotension, leading to dizziness when changing positions. C: This statement is incorrect because excess saliva is not a common side effect of imipramine. D: This statement is incorrect because imipramine can actually cause constipation rather than diarrhea, so avoiding fiber is not necessary.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The patient's verbal and nonverbal messages are incongruent. This is correct because the patient's statement "I enjoy spending time with you" does not align with their fidgeting, tapping foot, covering face, and looking under the chair - all signs of discomfort or unease. The incongruence between the verbal and nonverbal cues suggests a potential discrepancy between what the patient is saying and how they are truly feeling. A: The patient's behavior does not necessarily indicate positive feedback about the nurse's communication techniques. B: There is no indication of the nurse misinterpreting the patient's behavior based on cultural differences. D: There is no evidence to suggest that the patient is demonstrating psychotic behaviors based on the given information. In summary, the correct answer highlights the importance of recognizing and interpreting both verbal and nonverbal cues to gain a comprehensive understanding of a patient's communication.