What isotonic electrolyte solutions are COMMONLY used as fluid replacement in hypovolemic shock? I. Dextrose 5 percent in water II. 0.9 percent sodium chloride III. Lactated Ringer's solution IV. Dextrose 10 percent in water

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Question 1 of 9

What isotonic electrolyte solutions are COMMONLY used as fluid replacement in hypovolemic shock? I. Dextrose 5 percent in water II. 0.9 percent sodium chloride III. Lactated Ringer's solution IV. Dextrose 10 percent in water

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In hypovolemic shock, isotonic electrolyte solutions are commonly used for fluid replacement to restore the circulating blood volume. The commonly used isotonic electrolyte solutions for this purpose are 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) and lactated Ringer's solution.

Question 2 of 9

A patient presents with recurrent episodes of postnasal drip, chronic cough, and halitosis. Nasal endoscopy reveals a foul-smelling, yellowish discharge draining from the middle meatus. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The patient's presentation of recurrent episodes of postnasal drip, chronic cough, halitosis, and foul-smelling, yellowish discharge from the middle meatus is highly suggestive of chronic rhinosinusitis. The presence of nasal polyps further supports this diagnosis. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, postnasal drip, cough, and a reduced sense of smell. The yellowish discharge and foul odor are typical findings in cases of chronic rhinosinusitis with secondary bacterial infection. Nasal endoscopy may reveal edematous nasal mucosa and polyps obstructing the middle meatus, contributing to the symptoms described by the patient. Management typically involves a combination of medical therapies such as intranasal corticosteroids, saline irrigation, and antibiotics, and in some cases, surgical intervention

Question 3 of 9

A postpartum client reports severe headache, visual disturbances, and epigastric pain. Which nursing action is most appropriate?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate nursing action in this situation is to assess the client's blood pressure and other vital signs. The client's symptoms of severe headache, visual disturbances, and epigastric pain could be indicative of preeclampsia or eclampsia, which are serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Checking the blood pressure and other vital signs will help determine if the client's symptoms are related to abnormal blood pressure levels, which is critical in identifying and managing hypertensive disorders in postpartum clients. Once the assessment is completed, appropriate medical interventions can be initiated promptly if necessary.

Question 4 of 9

A nurse is preparing to assist with a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test for a patient. What action should the nurse prioritize to ensure patient safety during the test?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The most critical action to prioritize for ensuring patient safety during a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test is to monitor the patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm continuously during the test (Option B). This monitoring allows the healthcare team to promptly detect any abnormal heart rhythms or signs of cardiac distress, enabling timely intervention if necessary. Continuous ECG monitoring is essential during exercise testing as it helps in assessing the heart's response to physical activity and identifying any potential cardiac abnormalities or complications that may arise during the test. By closely monitoring the ECG rhythm, the nurse can ensure the patient's safety and well-being throughout the procedure. Administering a beta-blocker medication before the test (Option A) may be indicated in some cases but is not as crucial as continuous ECG monitoring during the test. Encouraging the patient to consume a heavy meal before the test (Option C) is contraindicated as it can interfere with the accuracy of the results

Question 5 of 9

A client with end-stage renal disease decides against further treatment and requests a "Do Not Resuscitate" (DNR) order. The DNR status is part of the change-of-shift report. The client stops breathing and a nurse begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The family is upset and makes a complaint to the charge nurse. The charge nurse appropriately identifies that nurse has committed:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Battery occurs when there is an intentional touching of another person without their consent. In this case, the nurse began cardiopulintary resuscitation on a client who had requested a "Do Not Resuscitate" (DNR) order, which means the client did not consent to the resuscitation. This action can be considered as battery because the client's wishes were not respected, and the nurse proceeded with a medical intervention against those wishes, leading to harm and potential legal consequences. This is different from assault, which involves a threat of force, and from defamation and fraud, which are not applicable to this situation.

Question 6 of 9

Nurse bea wants to pursue higher education in Nursing for her career advancement. Aside from enrolling in graduate school, which of the following she could enhance her career?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Participating in professional organizations can be a valuable way for Nurse Bea to enhance her career in nursing aside from enrolling in graduate school. Professional organizations provide networking opportunities, access to resources and information, opportunities for professional development through workshops and conferences, and a platform for engaging in advocacy efforts to promote the nursing profession. By being an active member of a professional organization, Nurse Bea can further her knowledge, skills, and connections within the nursing field, which can contribute to her career advancement.

Question 7 of 9

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Quality Improvement?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Quality Improvement is a systematic approach that aims to continually enhance the quality of services or products within an organization. The statement that is true of Quality Improvement is that it focuses on continually improving every process in the organization (Option B). This includes processes related to patient care, organizational structure, and all aspects of operations. Quality Improvement involves identifying areas for improvement, implementing changes, monitoring the effectiveness of those changes, and then making further refinements. By focusing on every process within the organization, Quality Improvement helps drive positive outcomes and ensures sustainable improvements in quality and performance.

Question 8 of 9

A patient presents with a pruritic, annular rash with central clearing and a raised, scaly border. The lesions have a tendency to spread outward in a centrifugal pattern. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The described presentation of a pruritic, annular rash with central clearing and a raised, scaly border that spreads outward in a centrifugal pattern is characteristic of tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm. This fungal infection affects the skin and is typically ring-shaped, with a well-defined, slightly raised, and scaly border. The central area often clears as the lesion enlarges peripherally, resembling a ring. It is important to note that ringworm is not caused by a worm but by a fungus. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications applied topically or taken orally, depending on the severity of the infection.

Question 9 of 9

Which of the following immune cells is primarily responsible for coordinating and regulating immune responses by producing cytokines that direct the activities of other immune cells?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: T helper cells (Th cells) are primarily responsible for coordinating and regulating immune responses by producing cytokines that direct the activities of other immune cells. These cytokines help in activating cytotoxic T cells, B cells, macrophages, and other cells involved in the immune response. Th cells play a crucial role in mounting an effective immune response against infections and diseases by providing the necessary signals to activate and control various immune cells. Thus, T helper cells are considered the central coordinators of the immune system.

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