What is the therapeutic use of Phenytoin?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Phenytoin is primarily used to diminish seizure activity and is effective in terminating ventricular arrhythmias. It works by stabilizing neuronal membranes, reducing repetitive neuronal firing, and limiting the spread of seizure activity in the brain. While phenytoin does not have a direct role in preventing thrombus formation or extending existing thrombi, it is crucial in managing seizures and certain arrhythmias.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, the correct answer to the question regarding the use of Nitroglycerine (transdermal) is option D) 10-12 hours. This recommendation is based on the pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerine and its potential for developing tolerance. Nitroglycerine is a vasodilator commonly used to treat angina pectoris. It works by relaxing blood vessels, increasing oxygen supply to the heart, and reducing the workload on the heart. To prevent the development of tolerance, it is essential to have a nitrate-free interval each day to allow for nitrate levels in the body to decrease. A 10-12 hour nitrate-free period helps to minimize the risk of developing tolerance to nitroglycerine's therapeutic effects, ensuring its continued efficacy in managing angina symptoms. Regarding the incorrect options: - Option A) 1-2 hours: This duration is too short to allow for adequate nitrate-free intervals, increasing the likelihood of developing tolerance. - Option B) 5-10 hours: While closer to the correct answer, this range still falls short of the recommended 10-12 hour nitrate-free period. - Option C) 3-4 hours: Similar to option B, this range does not provide a sufficient nitrate-free interval to prevent tolerance development effectively. Educationally, understanding the importance of nitrate-free intervals in nitroglycerine therapy is crucial for pharmacology students and healthcare professionals. It emphasizes the significance of proper dosing schedules and medication adherence to optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing potential drug-related complications such as tolerance development. By adhering to the recommended nitrate-free period, healthcare providers can ensure the effectiveness of nitroglycerine therapy in managing angina and improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Metformin is a commonly prescribed oral medication for managing type 2 diabetes. The correct answer is D) All of the above. Metformin works through multiple mechanisms to help lower blood glucose levels. Firstly, Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production by suppressing gluconeogenesis in the liver. This action reduces the amount of glucose released into the bloodstream by the liver, helping to lower blood sugar levels. Secondly, Metformin increases sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues, such as muscle and fat cells. This means that these tissues are better able to take up and utilize glucose in the presence of insulin, leading to lower blood glucose levels. Lastly, Metformin also has the additional effect of decreasing intestinal glucose absorption, although this is a minor mechanism compared to its effects on hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity. It is important for students to understand the comprehensive action of Metformin in order to appreciate its effectiveness in managing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Understanding these mechanisms also helps students grasp the rationale behind using Metformin as a first-line therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Warfarin. Warfarin is a commonly prescribed anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, thereby preventing the formation of blood clots and reducing the risk of thromboembolic events such as strokes and myocardial infarctions. Option B) Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina by relaxing blood vessels, but it does not have a direct effect on preventing thromboembolic events. Option C) Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator primarily used to relieve angina symptoms by dilating blood vessels and improving blood flow to the heart. It does not directly prevent thromboembolic events. Option D) Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication that inhibits platelet aggregation, thereby reducing the risk of blood clots. While clopidogrel is effective in preventing thromboembolic events, in this question, warfarin is a more appropriate choice as it acts on a different pathway in the coagulation cascade. Understanding the mechanisms of action of different pharmacological agents is essential for nurses and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding drug therapy and patient care. In this context, knowing the specific effects of each medication and their indications is crucial for providing safe and effective patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A severe adverse effect of iron supplementation is seizures. Iron toxicity can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, lethargy, and in severe cases, seizures. It is important for individuals taking iron supplements to follow recommended dosages to prevent adverse effects.