What is the therapeutic use of metformin?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metformin is commonly prescribed to manage and control blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes. It helps in reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and improves the body's response to insulin, thereby aiding in the regulation of blood sugar levels. It is not used to lower blood pressure, diminish seizure activity, increase heart rate, or decrease gastrointestinal secretions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: It is crucial to monitor ins and outs in patients using ACE inhibitors to assess for renal impairment. ACE inhibitors can affect renal function, potentially leading to renal impairment. Monitoring the patient's fluid balance helps in early recognition of any renal issues and allows for timely interventions to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Phenytoin is primarily used to diminish seizure activity and is effective in terminating ventricular arrhythmias. It works by stabilizing neuronal membranes, reducing repetitive neuronal firing, and limiting the spread of seizure activity in the brain. While phenytoin does not have a direct role in preventing thrombus formation or extending existing thrombi, it is crucial in managing seizures and certain arrhythmias.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Headache is a common side effect associated with the initial therapy of Nitroglycerine due to its vasodilatory properties. The vasodilation caused by Nitroglycerine leads to relaxation of blood vessels, including those in the head, which can result in headaches. This side effect is considered normal and is often transient, diminishing with continued use of the medication.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, the correct answer to the question regarding the use of Nitroglycerine (transdermal) is option D) 10-12 hours. This recommendation is based on the pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerine and its potential for developing tolerance. Nitroglycerine is a vasodilator commonly used to treat angina pectoris. It works by relaxing blood vessels, increasing oxygen supply to the heart, and reducing the workload on the heart. To prevent the development of tolerance, it is essential to have a nitrate-free interval each day to allow for nitrate levels in the body to decrease. A 10-12 hour nitrate-free period helps to minimize the risk of developing tolerance to nitroglycerine's therapeutic effects, ensuring its continued efficacy in managing angina symptoms. Regarding the incorrect options: - Option A) 1-2 hours: This duration is too short to allow for adequate nitrate-free intervals, increasing the likelihood of developing tolerance. - Option B) 5-10 hours: While closer to the correct answer, this range still falls short of the recommended 10-12 hour nitrate-free period. - Option C) 3-4 hours: Similar to option B, this range does not provide a sufficient nitrate-free interval to prevent tolerance development effectively. Educationally, understanding the importance of nitrate-free intervals in nitroglycerine therapy is crucial for pharmacology students and healthcare professionals. It emphasizes the significance of proper dosing schedules and medication adherence to optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing potential drug-related complications such as tolerance development. By adhering to the recommended nitrate-free period, healthcare providers can ensure the effectiveness of nitroglycerine therapy in managing angina and improving patient outcomes.