What is the Therapeutic E昀昀ects of Lithium?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. One of the therapeutic effects of lithium is its ability to prevent or decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. By regulating neurotransmitter levels and affecting intracellular signaling pathways, lithium helps to stabilize mood and prevent the extreme highs of mania. It does not have a direct effect on blood glucose maintenance, control of hyperglycemia, or seizure activity, which are unrelated to its primary mechanism of action in managing mood disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Colchicine toxicity causes GI distress-nausea, vomiting, pain-per overdose data, a hallmark sign. Joint pain is gout, not toxicity. Vision/taste changes or cramps aren't linked-GI rules. This confirms suspicion, per assessment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cough suppressants relieve dry, disruptive coughs , aiding rest. Green secretions need clearance, fever signals illness, and bronchitis may require expectorants. D targets appropriate use, making it the best response.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. One of the therapeutic effects of lithium is its ability to prevent or decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. By regulating neurotransmitter levels and affecting intracellular signaling pathways, lithium helps to stabilize mood and prevent the extreme highs of mania. It does not have a direct effect on blood glucose maintenance, control of hyperglycemia, or seizure activity, which are unrelated to its primary mechanism of action in managing mood disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A sudden increase in temperature (fever) to 101.5°F in a client receiving Pentamidine IV for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia would most likely indicate the client has developed another infection. This is because Pentamidine IV is an antibiotic used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and a new fever during treatment would suggest a new or persistent infection causing the elevated temperature. It is important for the nurse to assess the client further and consider additional diagnostic tests or treatments for the new infection while continuing to monitor and manage the initial condition for which Pentamidine was prescribed.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Insulin acts via tyrosine kinase receptors, not G-protein-coupled receptors, so that's false. Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) bind intracellular receptors, not tyrosine kinase, making that incorrect. Vitamin D binds intracellular nuclear receptors, regulating gene transcription, a true statement and the correct pathway. Adrenaline acts via G-protein-coupled adrenergic receptors, not ligand-gated channels, so that's false. Platelet-derived growth factor uses tyrosine kinase, not cytokine receptors. Vitamin D's intracellular action is key to its role in calcium homeostasis, distinguishing it from membrane-bound receptor mechanisms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Interferon alfa is an immunomodulatory agent that works by enhancing the immune system's ability to fight cancer. It has cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, meaning it can kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. Additionally, it promotes the differentiation of stem cells, which can help restore normal cell function. While interferon alfa does produce cytokines and interleukins, its primary action is immunomodulation and direct effects on cancer cells. It does not primarily cause allergic reactions or produce red blood cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver. Therefore, the antidote for Warfarin overdose or to reverse its effects is vitamin K. Vitamin K helps in replenishing the depleted vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, allowing the blood to clot normally again. Administering vitamin K helps in reversing the anticoagulant effects of Warfarin, preventing excessive bleeding or hemorrhage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Simple diffusion is a passive transport process that does not require specialized transport proteins or energy expenditure. It involves the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the aid of a protein channel or carrier. In contrast, active transport, facilitated diffusion, and pinocytosis are specialized transports that utilize specific proteins and mechanisms to help move molecules across cell membranes. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion involves the use of specific protein channels or carriers to facilitate movement, and pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells engulf fluid droplets.