What is the Therapeutic E昀昀ects of Lithium?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. One of the therapeutic effects of lithium is its ability to prevent or decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. By regulating neurotransmitter levels and affecting intracellular signaling pathways, lithium helps to stabilize mood and prevent the extreme highs of mania. It does not have a direct effect on blood glucose maintenance, control of hyperglycemia, or seizure activity, which are unrelated to its primary mechanism of action in managing mood disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The therapeutic range for serum digoxin levels is typically considered to be between 1.0 to 2.5 ng/mL. This range allows for optimal therapeutic effects while minimizing the risk of toxicity. Levels below 1.0 ng/mL may be subtherapeutic, while levels above 2.5 ng/mL may increase the risk of toxicity, leading to adverse effects such as arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances. Therefore, maintaining the digoxin level within the range of 1.0 to 2.5 ng/mL is crucial for safe and effective therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Simple diffusion is a passive transport process that does not require specialized transport proteins or energy expenditure. It involves the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the aid of a protein channel or carrier. In contrast, active transport, facilitated diffusion, and pinocytosis are specialized transports that utilize specific proteins and mechanisms to help move molecules across cell membranes. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion involves the use of specific protein channels or carriers to facilitate movement, and pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells engulf fluid droplets.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. It is not a typical clinical sign of hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, hemoglobinuria (presence of hemoglobin in the urine), jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and sometimes lower back pain due to kidney involvement. Cyanosis is more commonly associated with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions where oxygen levels are affected.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse should request an order for a platelet level to assess the patient's platelet count. Warfarin (Coumadin) is an anticoagulant medication that works by interfering with the blood clotting process. Bruising and petechiae may be signs of decreased platelet count or impaired platelet function. Monitoring the platelet level will help determine if the patient's symptoms are related to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). While the International Normalized Ratio (INR) is commonly used to monitor the effects of warfarin therapy, in this case, the presence of bruising and petechiae suggest a need to assess platelet levels specifically. PT and aPTT tests assess the clotting function of factors produced by the liver and are not directly related to platelet count. Vitamin K level may be tested in cases of suspected vitamin K deficiency, but it would not directly help in assessing