What is the therapeutic action of Phenytoin?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Phenytoin is primarily used as an anticonvulsant to prevent and control seizures. It works by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain, making it effective in managing conditions like epilepsy. Antidiabetic medications are used to regulate blood sugar levels, mood stabilizers help manage mood disorders, and antianxiety agents are used to reduce anxiety symptoms, none of which are the primary therapeutic action of Phenytoin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, it is essential to understand the routes of administration for different medications to ensure their effectiveness and safety. In the case of lithium, which is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, it is typically administered orally. The correct answer is C) Orally because lithium is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when taken by mouth. This route allows for controlled and gradual absorption, leading to optimal therapeutic levels in the blood. Option A) Intravenously is incorrect because lithium is not typically given intravenously due to the risk of rapid and unpredictable absorption, which can result in toxicity. Option B) Intramuscularly is also incorrect as lithium is not formulated for intramuscular administration, and this route may lead to inconsistent absorption and potential tissue irritation. Option D) Sublingually is incorrect because lithium is not designed to be administered under the tongue. Sublingual administration is reserved for medications that are specifically formulated for this route and are able to be rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes. Educationally, understanding the appropriate route of administration for lithium is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to ensure proper dosing, monitoring, and patient safety in the management of bipolar disorder. This knowledge helps prevent medication errors, adverse effects, and ensures the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Offering children choices empowers them and can help in gaining cooperation, especially when it comes to taking medications. By providing options like taking the medication with juice or water, the child feels a sense of control and may be more willing to cooperate. This approach respects the child's autonomy and can make the experience more positive for both the child and the healthcare provider.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct recommendation for a client using over-the-counter calcium carbonate antacid is to drink a glass of water after taking the medication (Option D). Calcium carbonate antacids work by neutralizing stomach acid, and taking them with water helps enhance their effectiveness by promoting dissolution and absorption in the stomach. Option A is incorrect because decreasing bulk in the diet would not counteract diarrhea, which can be a common side effect of calcium carbonate antacids. Option B is incorrect as taking the medication with dairy products can actually decrease its absorption due to the presence of other minerals that compete for absorption. Option C is unrelated to the use of calcium carbonate antacids. From an educational perspective, it is crucial for nurses to understand the appropriate administration guidelines for medications to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes for patients. Educating patients on the correct way to take their medications can significantly impact their treatment effectiveness and overall health outcomes. It is important to emphasize the rationale behind specific recommendations to empower patients in managing their own health effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Patients with chronic kidney disease are often prescribed epoetin alfa to treat anemia. Epoetin alfa stimulates red blood cell production, increasing the body's demand for iron to support this process. Therefore, clients taking epoetin alfa should be advised to increase their dietary intake of iron-rich foods to meet the increased demand and prevent iron deficiency anemia.