What is the term for the process of bone formation?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bone formation is termed osteogenesis (cell-driven bone creation) and ossification (matrix mineralization), interchangeable in anatomy e.g., intramembranous ossification forms flat bones. Osteolysis is bone breakdown. Both 'b' and 'c' are correct, reflecting developmental and remodeling processes, making 'd' the answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The vertebral foramen, a central hole in each vertebra, contains the spinal cord, forming the spinal canal when stacked. Vertebral arch encloses it, spinous and transverse processes are projections, not containers. Foramen's role, per vertebra structure, makes 'c' correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Intervertebral discs, fibrocartilage pads between vertebrae, absorb shock, cushioning spinal movement. Foramen houses the cord, spinous and transverse processes anchor muscles not shock absorbers. Discs' role, per spine function, makes 'a' correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: All nutrient classes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (macronutrients), vitamins, minerals (micronutrients) are essential for survival, supporting energy, structure, and regulation. Micronutrients like vitamin D can be stored, not daily required. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins are macronutrients, not micro. Macronutrients aren't vitamins/minerals, those are micro. Essentiality of all, per nutrition, makes 'a' true.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: PET (Positron Emission Tomography) tracks metabolic activity, like nutrient uptake in cancer cells, using radioactive tracers (e.g., glucose), ideal for rapid proliferation studies. CT shows structure, MRI details tissues, ultrasonography uses sound none measure metabolism directly. PET's functional focus, per imaging, makes 'c' best.