What is the term for a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the space between the lung and the chest wall?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is the term used to describe a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the pleural space. This causes pressure on the lung, leading to its collapse. Pleural effusion (B) is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, not air. Atelectasis (C) is the collapse of a portion or the entire lung due to various reasons but not air leakage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is a condition where lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened, not related to air leakage causing lung collapse.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchitis. Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causing symptoms such as persistent cough and mucus production. This condition is often caused by viral or bacterial infections, irritants, or smoking. Asthma (B) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and tightening, leading to difficulty breathing. Pneumonia (C) is an infection in the lungs, typically caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Cystic fibrosis (D) is a genetic disorder affecting the lungs and other organs, leading to thick mucus production and recurrent infections. Therefore, the term that specifically describes inflammation of the bronchial tubes is bronchitis, making it the correct answer in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries due to the accumulation of cholesterol and other substances. This narrowing and hardening of the arteries can lead to heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Arteriosclerosis (choice B) refers to the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls, which is a general term and not specific to plaque buildup. Hypertension (choice C) is high blood pressure, which can contribute to atherosclerosis but is not the primary cause. Diabetes (choice D) can also be a risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is not the direct buildup of plaque in the arteries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lung biopsy. This procedure involves removing a sample of tissue from the lung for examination under a microscope. It is typically performed using a needle or during a surgical procedure. Bronchoscopy (B) involves examining the airways with a camera and is not used for tissue sampling. Thoracentesis (C) is the removal of fluid from the pleural space, not tissue from the lung. Lobectomy (D) is the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung, not specifically for obtaining a tissue sample.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This procedure involves grafting a blood vessel to bypass a blocked artery in the heart, improving blood flow. Valve replacement (B) is not a procedure for bypassing blocked arteries. Stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open but does not involve grafting a blood vessel. Angioplasty (D) is a procedure to widen blocked arteries using a balloon, not grafting a blood vessel. Therefore, the correct choice is CABG.