What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: High plasma levels of glucose. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, pancreatic beta cells sense this increase and release insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy production or storage. This is known as the glucose-stimulated insulin release mechanism. Low plasma levels of calcium (choice A), high plasma levels of potassium (choice B), and low blood volume (choice D) do not directly stimulate insulin release and are unrelated to the regulation of insulin secretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Testosterone is an androgen hormone primarily produced in the testes. 2. Androgens are responsible for male characteristics and reproductive functions. 3. Progesterone is a female sex hormone, not an androgen. 4. Estrogen is also a female sex hormone, not an androgen. 5. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not an androgen. Summary: Testosterone is the correct answer as it is a male sex hormone with androgenic properties. Progesterone, estrogen, and aldosterone are not androgens and do not exhibit the same functions as testosterone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because obesity can lead to insulin resistance, which antagonizes insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels. Additionally, obesity is associated with increased risk of hypertension, leading to increased blood pressure. Therefore, all choices are applicable in describing the effects of obesity on the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why Choice C is correct: 1. The pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon. 2. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them. 3. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. 4. Disruption in their secretion can lead to diseases like diabetes. Summary: Choice A is incorrect because the pancreas does not secrete steroids related to sugar, salt, and sex. Choice B is incorrect because the pancreas is not controlled by the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the pancreas does not secrete iodine-containing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.