what is the route of INSULIN GLARGINE:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Insulin glargine is a type of long-acting insulin that is given via subcutaneous injection. Subcutaneous administration involves injecting the medication into the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin. This route allows for slow and consistent absorption of the insulin into the bloodstream, providing a prolonged effect on lowering blood sugar levels. Insulin cannot be taken orally because it would be broken down by the digestive system before it could be effective. Intravenous (IV) administration is also not appropriate for insulin glargine because it is meant to have a slow, sustained release in the body, which cannot be achieved with IV administration. Sublingual administration, where a medication is placed under the tongue for absorption, is not suitable for insulin as it requires specific pathways for absorption that are not present under the tongue.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacotherapeutics applies drugs to treat diseases and alleviate suffering, combining pharmacology and therapeutic intent, a precise term. Biologics are drug types, not application. Alternative therapies use non-drug methods. Therapeutics is broader, but pharmacotherapeutics specifies drug use, aligning with the definition and clinical practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Isoniazid is associated with hepatotoxicity, which can range from asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to severe hepatitis. Patients should be monitored for symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, and jaundice. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are not common adverse effects of isoniazid. Optic neuritis is a rare side effect of ethambutol, another antitubercular drug, not isoniazid.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Fried's rule for dosage calculation, the formula is to divide the child's age in months by 150 to find the fraction of adult dose that can be tolerated. Generally, a child is considered to tolerate an adult dose when they have reached 12 months of age. This is based on the assumption that a 12-month-old child can typically tolerate a dose similar to that of an adult. Therefore, the correct answer is 12 months, which is option C.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Penicillin is classified as an antibiotic drug, specifically an antibacterial agent. It is used to treat various bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria or killing them directly. Therefore, it is not categorized as an antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant, or mood stabilizer. Instead, Penicillin falls under the classification of drugs that are effective against bacterial infections, making it an "anti-ineffective" drug.