What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Break down proteins. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps to activate pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. This process is essential for proper digestion of proteins. Choice A is incorrect because carbohydrates are broken down by amylase enzymes in the mouth and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect because emulsification of fats occurs in the small intestine with the help of bile. Choice D is incorrect as hydrochloric acid plays a significant role in the digestion of proteins in the stomach.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer IV fluids. Initial care for acute diverticulitis involves IV fluids to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance, as patients often have nausea, vomiting, and decreased oral intake. IV fluids help prevent dehydration and support the body during the acute phase of the condition. Options B, C, and D are incorrect. Colonoscopy is contraindicated during acute diverticulitis due to the risk of perforation. High-fiber diet and stool softeners/enemas are not recommended initially as they can worsen symptoms and increase the risk of complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A Rationale: 1. Stool specimen collection helps identify the cause of diarrhea (e.g., infection). 2. It assists in determining appropriate treatment. 3. It helps rule out serious conditions. 4. Colonoscopy (B) and barium enema (C) are invasive procedures not typically indicated for acute diarrhea. 5. Blood cultures (D) are not the first-line investigation for diarrhea without systemic signs of infection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 3. Gastrin secretion is stimulated by low pH levels in the stomach. When the stomach pH drops below 3, gastrin secretion is triggered to increase stomach acid production. Once the stomach pH reaches around 3, a negative feedback mechanism is activated to stop gastrin secretion and prevent excessive acid production. Choices A (7), B (4.5), and C (1.5) are incorrect because gastrin secretion is actually inhibited by higher pH levels, not when the pH reaches neutral (7), slightly acidic (4.5), or extremely acidic (1.5) levels. The key here is to understand the physiological response of gastrin secretion to pH levels in the stomach.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste product produced during the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver. It is excreted in bile and gives feces its brown color. Bile salts aid in digestion, cholesterol is a lipid used for various functions, and electrolytes are essential for bodily functions but are not liver waste products. Therefore, bilirubin is the only true liver waste product in this list.