What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: to remove pathogens and debris. Alveolar macrophages are specialized immune cells located in the lungs responsible for engulfing and clearing pathogens, debris, and foreign particles. This function helps maintain lung health and prevents infections. Rationale: 1. Alveolar macrophages are part of the immune system and act as the first line of defense in the lungs. 2. Their primary role is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying pathogens and debris to protect the respiratory system. 3. Secreting pulmonary surfactant (choice A) is the function of type II alveolar cells, not alveolar macrophages. 4. While alveolar macrophages can secrete some antimicrobial proteins (choice B), their main function is phagocytosis. 5. Facilitating gas exchange (choice D) is the role of the alveoli and not specifically of alveolar macrophages. In summary,

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the oropharynx contains both palatine tonsils (choice A) and lingual tonsils (choice B). Palatine tonsils are located on the sides of the oropharynx and lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue. Pharyngeal tonsils (choice C) are also known as adenoids and are located in the nasopharynx, not the oropharynx. Therefore, choices A, B, and C alone are incorrect. Choice D is correct because both palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils are present in the oropharynx.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: To determine the correct oxygen flow for a simple face mask, you should increase it from the previous nasal cannula rate. As simple face masks deliver oxygen less efficiently, a higher flow rate is needed to maintain the same oxygen concentration. Moving from 3 L/min nasal cannula to a simple face mask, you should increase the flow to 6 L/min to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the patient with chronic airflow limitation. Choices A and B are incorrect as decreasing or keeping the flow the same would not provide sufficient oxygen. Choice C is also incorrect as increasing it to 4 L/min may not be enough to compensate for the decreased efficiency of the simple face mask.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because avoiding salted nuts helps reduce sodium intake, which is crucial for managing hypertension. Salt can increase blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as chicken and fish can be part of a healthy diet. Choice C is incorrect as sugary beverages can worsen hypertension. Choice D is incorrect as excessive caffeine intake can raise blood pressure. In summary, choice A is the most effective as it directly addresses reducing sodium intake, which is essential for managing hypertension.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take first is to auscultate the breath sounds (Choice C) because the client is presenting with severe dyspnea and a dry hacking cough, which are indicative of respiratory distress in a patient with chronic heart failure. Auscultating the breath sounds will help the nurse assess the presence of crackles, wheezing, or decreased air entry, providing crucial information about the client's respiratory status and guiding immediate interventions. Checking the capillary refill (Choice B) is important but not the priority in this situation. Auscultating the abdomen (Choice A) is not relevant to the presenting symptoms. Asking about the patient's allergies (Choice D) is important but can be addressed after addressing the immediate respiratory distress.