What is the primary goal of fetal heart rate monitoring during the second stage of labor?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary goal of fetal heart rate monitoring during the second stage of labor is to evaluate fetal well-being. This is crucial to ensure that the baby is tolerating labor and delivery well. Monitoring fetal heart rate helps identify any signs of distress or compromise in oxygen supply to the baby. It guides healthcare providers in making timely interventions if needed to prevent adverse outcomes. Choices A and B are incorrect because the primary goal is not about timing contractions or assessing uterine contractions strength. Choice D is incorrect as the focus is not on monitoring the vital signs of the birthing person but on assessing the well-being of the fetus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: place the person in the knee-chest position. Placing the person in this position helps alleviate pressure on the umbilical cord, reducing the risk of compression and improving fetal oxygenation. Other choices like repositioning the laboring person or administering oxygen via mask do not directly address the issue of cord prolapse. Applying pressure to the cord can further compromise blood flow to the fetus. The knee-chest position is the most appropriate intervention as it helps relieve pressure on the cord and is crucial in managing umbilical cord prolapse effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: uterine overdistention. Uterine atony is when the uterus fails to contract effectively after childbirth. Overdistention, such as from multiple gestation or large baby, can stretch the uterus, leading to poor muscle tone. This results in inadequate contractions to control bleeding. Excessive uterine contractions (B) are not a common cause but rather can lead to other issues like uterine rupture. Placental abruption (C) is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, causing bleeding but not directly related to atony. Infection or retained placenta (D) can contribute to uterine atony but are not common primary causes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate intervention for pain management in a postpartum person with a second-degree perineal tear is administering non-pharmacological pain relief (Choice C). This includes methods such as sitz baths, warm compresses, and positioning techniques. These interventions are effective in reducing pain and promoting healing without the side effects associated with medications or invasive procedures. Oral pain medication (Choice A) may not be sufficient for managing the specific pain in this case. Administering an epidural analgesic (Choice B) is not appropriate postpartum, as it is typically used during labor for pain relief. Ice packs (Choice D) may provide temporary relief but do not address the underlying pain and healing process as effectively as non-pharmacological methods.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: administer epidural analgesia. In the first stage of labor, epidural analgesia is the most appropriate option for pain relief as it provides effective and continuous pain management without compromising maternal and fetal well-being. Epidural analgesia allows the laboring person to remain alert and actively participate in the birthing process. Non-pharmacological pain relief methods may not provide sufficient pain relief during the intense contractions of the first stage of labor. Administering IV analgesics may not effectively manage the pain in the first stage and can have sedative effects on the laboring person and newborn. Administering pain medication as requested without considering the most appropriate option may not provide optimal pain relief and may not be in the best interest of the laboring person and their baby.