What is the primary focus of quaternary prevention

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Question 1 of 5

What is the primary focus of quaternary prevention?

A. Preventing disease recurrence B. Avoiding overmedicalization and protecting patients from unnecessary interventions C. Promoting health and well-being D. Managing chronic diseases

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Quaternary prevention (B) avoids over-treatment (e.g., unnecessary tests). A, C, and D are other levels.

Question 2 of 5

Correct statements about infant mortality include which of the following?

A. The numerator is the number of deaths of infants in the first month of life B. The rate is expressed per 1,000 births C. In the U.S., the single most important cause of infant mortality is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) D. In the U.S., infant mortality is about twice as high in blacks as in whites

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Black infants have ~2x higher mortality in the U.S. due to disparities. A is false (first year, not month). B is true but not sole correct. C is false (preterm birth tops SIDS).

Question 3 of 5

True statements about the epidemiology of cancer in the U.S., excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers and cancer in situ, include all the following EXCEPT

A. about 1 million cases of cancer develop each year B. cancer is responsible for about 25 percent of deaths C. one in three Americans will develop cancer in his or her lifetime D. mortality from lung cancer has declined steadily since 1975

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lung cancer mortality rose until ~1990s, now declining in men but not steadily since 1975.

Question 4 of 5

Which of the following statements about microcytic anemia in the U.S. is true?

A. It usually has a genetic cause in black children B. It is rarely caused by a dietary deficiency in men C. It is rarely caused by a dietary deficiency in women D. It is more common in formula-fed than breast-fed infants

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Iron deficiency is rare in men due to diet; A (thalassemia), C, D, E false.

Question 5 of 5

International studies of cardiovascular disease have shown which of the following?

A. Death rates due to coronary artery disease vary by less than 25 percent from country to country B. The death rate due to coronary artery disease is higher in the U.S. than in any European country C. The death rate due to coronary artery disease is similar in the U.S. and Japan D. None of the above

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rates vary widely (e.g., Japan low, U.S. high); no single pattern fits.

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What is the primary focus of quaternary prevention?

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