What is the preferred questionnaire for possible alcohol abuse?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: MAST. MAST is specifically designed to screen for alcohol abuse and has been widely validated for this purpose. It consists of 25 questions that assess various aspects of alcohol use and related problems. The other choices are incorrect because: B: CAGE focuses on identifying alcohol dependence rather than abuse. C: AUDIT is used to identify risky or harmful drinking patterns, not necessarily abuse. D: BDI is a questionnaire for assessing depression, unrelated to alcohol abuse screening. In summary, MAST is the preferred questionnaire for possible alcohol abuse due to its specific focus and extensive validation in this area.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Norepinephrine increase is associated with mania, anxiety, and schizophrenia due to its role in the brain's stress response. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, alertness, and arousal. Increased levels can lead to symptoms seen in mania, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Depression is not typically associated with increased norepinephrine levels. Parkinson's disease is linked to dopamine deficiency, not norepinephrine. Alzheimer's disease is associated with acetylcholine and amyloid plaques, not norepinephrine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety. A decrease in GABA levels can lead to an increase in anxiety, mania, and schizophrenia. Option A is incorrect as GABA reduction does not result in a reduction in anxiety. Option C is incorrect as depression is not typically associated with a decrease in GABA levels. Option D is incorrect as GABA dysfunction is not a primary factor in Parkinson's disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tertiary prevention focuses on softening the impact of an ongoing illness or injury by managing complications, preventing disability, and improving quality of life. It comes after primary (preventing disease/injury) and secondary (early detection/treatment) prevention. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to primary prevention. Choice B is incorrect because it relates to secondary prevention. Choice D is incorrect as it specifically addresses treating existing diseases rather than focusing on managing ongoing illness or injury. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer for tertiary prevention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Abnormal muscle tone resulting in spasms and abnormal posture. Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions, causing repetitive movements or abnormal postures. This leads to spasms and involuntary muscle movements, resulting in abnormal posture. Choice B is incorrect because dystonia is not characterized by excessive muscle relaxation, but rather by muscle contractions. Choice C is incorrect as dystonia does not involve muscle weakness, but rather involuntary muscle contractions. Choice D is incorrect because dystonia is not primarily characterized by muscle pain, but by abnormal muscle tone and posture.